The election of the New Labour government in 1997 represented an important shift for public health, or so it seemed, as the party had made bold and ambitious commitments to tackling health inequalities and addressing the wider determinants of health in its election manifesto. A series of documents and debates stressing the need to give higher priority to the health of the public, to end the fragmentation of the public health function and to start seriously developing and strengthening its multidisciplinary nature subsequently emerged (Department of Health, 1998a, 1998b; Secretary of State for Health, 1999). The decade or so since 1997 has been a particularly active and fertile period for public health, although many of the issues at stake are familiar and have their antecedents in the period reviewed in Chapter Three. It has also been a somewhat chaotic and turbulent period, marked by numerous policy initiatives and structural changes, many of which appear to lack coherence. A number of these changes were not directed primarily at the public health function but their impacts have nevertheless been profound and are still being worked through. Some public health functions were relocated to arm's length bodies, a network of stand-alone organisations that include the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the Health Protection Agency (HPA). Box 4.1 charts the changing organisational context for health protection.