Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- List of acronyms
- PART 1 OVERVIEW
- PART 2 INTERPRETATION
- 4 Domestic interests and control regimes
- 5 Sacrificing the future: intertemporal strategies and their implications for growth
- 6 The political geography of redistribution
- 7 Political conflict and state failure
- 8 Shocks, risk, and African growth
- PART 3 EXPLANATION
- PART 4 LOOKING AHEAD
- Index
- References
7 - Political conflict and state failure
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 January 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- List of acronyms
- PART 1 OVERVIEW
- PART 2 INTERPRETATION
- 4 Domestic interests and control regimes
- 5 Sacrificing the future: intertemporal strategies and their implications for growth
- 6 The political geography of redistribution
- 7 Political conflict and state failure
- 8 Shocks, risk, and African growth
- PART 3 EXPLANATION
- PART 4 LOOKING AHEAD
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
In his chapter on Ethiopia in volume 2, Alemayehu Geda contends that in addition to the “vagaries of nature,” growth performance in Ethiopia “is largely determined by [the] strength and efficiency of institutions, [the] efficacy of public policies, and risk related to war” (Alemayehu 2007: 2). Of these factors, Alemayehu emphasizes the last, placing special emphasis on internal war. Internal conflict also emerges as a major determinant of economic performance in the chapters in volume 2 on Chad (Azam and Djimtoingar 2007), Sudan (Ali and Elbadawi 2007), Sierra Leone (Davies 2007), Burundi (Nkurunziza and Ngaruko 2007), Mozambique (de Sousa and Sulemane 2007), Kenya (Mwega and Ndung'u 2007), and Uganda (Kasekende and Atingi-Ego 2007), or in nearly one-third of the country studies.
In Chad and Sudan, provinces in the North have sought to dominate those in the South, and in both countries’ natural resources – specifically oil – represent a major prize. In Sierra Leone, diamonds rather than petroleum constitute the spoils of war, and rival political machines – each as adept at campaigning in the field of battle as in the electoral arena – seek to capture power and thus control over diamond revenues. In Burundi, a fraction of the ruling elite used their position in the military to slaughter their opponents, capture the state, and employ public power to secure private privilege. In Kenya, incumbents mobilized private militias to clear key districts of opposition voters as they reacted to the threat posed by the re-introduction of electoral competition.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000 , pp. 249 - 296Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2007
References
Abdullah, Ibrahim, ed. (2004), Between Democracy and Terror. Dakar: CODESRIA
Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson (2001), “A Theory of Political Transitions,” American Economic Review 91: 938–63
Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson (2006), Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(2001), “Foreign Policy Decisionmaking in Anglophone West Africa,” in G. M. Khadiagala and T. Lyons, eds., African Foreign Policies. Boulder, CO: Lynne RiennerGoogle Scholar
Alemayehu Geda (2007), “The Political Economy of Growth in Ethiopia,” chapter 4 in , , , , , , and , eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, Ali Abdel Gadir and Ibrahim A. Elbadawi (2007), “Explaining Sudan's Economic Growth Performance,” chapter 7 in Benno J. Ndulu, Stephen A. O'Connell, Jean-Paul Azam, Robert H. Bates, Augustin Kwasi Fosu, Jan Willem Gunning, and Dominique Njinkeu, eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
and (1999), “Civil Wars and Failed Peace Efforts in Sudan,” in T. M. Ali and R. O. Matthews, eds., Civil Wars in Africa. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press
Arellano, M. and S. Bond (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data,” Review of Economic Studies 58: 277–97CrossRef
Azam, Jean-Paul (1994), “How to Pay for Peace? A Theoretical Framework with Reference to African Countries,” Public Choice 83: 173–84
Azam, Jean-Paul and Nadjiounoum Djimtoïngar (2007), “Cotton, War, and Growth in Chad, 1960–2000,” chapter 3 in Benno J. Ndulu, Stephen A. O'Connell, Jean-Paul Azam, Robert H. Bates, Augustin Kwasi Fosu, Jan Willem Gunning, and Dominique Njinkeu, eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Azam, Jean-Paul and Alice Mesnard (2003), “Civil War and the Social Contract,” Public Choice 115: 455–75
Banks, Arthur (1999), “Cross-national Times Series Data Archive,” Center for Social Analysis, Binghamton, NY. State University of New York at Binghamton
Barrows, Walter (1976), Grassroots Politics in an African State. New York: Africana Publishing
Bates, Robert H. (1981), Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press
Bates, Robert H., Avner Greif, and Smita Singh (2002), “Organizing Violence,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46: 599–628
Block, Steven A. (2002), “Political Business Cycles, Democratization, and Economic Reform: The Case of Africa,” Journal of Development Economics 67: 205–28
(2003), Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authorities and Institutional Choice. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997), Democratic Experiments in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaudry, Kiren Aziz (1997), The Price of Wealth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Cilliers, Jakkie (2000), “Resource Wars – A New Type of Insurgency,” in Christian Dietrich and Jakkie Cilliers, eds., Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies
Collier, Paul, V. L. Elliott, Havard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, Marta Reynal-Querol, and Nicolas Sambanis (2003), Breaking the Conflict Trap. Washington DC: Oxford University Press for the World Bank
Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler (2002), “Greed and Grievance in Civil Wars,” CSAE, Oxford
, , and (1999), “Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice,” Washington DC: International Monetary FundCrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2002), “Africa's Exodus: Capital Flight and the Brain Drain as Portfolio Decisions,” Washington, DC: The World BankGoogle Scholar
(2007), “Sierra Leone's Economic Growth Performance, 1961–2000,” chapter 19 in Benno J. Ndulu, Stephen A. O'Connell, Jean-Paul Azam, Robert H. Bates, Augustin Kwasi Fosu, Jan Willem Gunning, and Dominique Njinkeu, eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
, and (2007), “Mozambique's Growth Performance, 1960–1996,” chapter 24 in Benno J. Ndulu, Stephen A. O'Connell, Jean-Paul Azam, Robert H. Bates, Augustin Kwasi Fosu, Jan Willem Gunning, and Dominique Njinkeu, eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
(1997), Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey with African Rights and the International African InstituteGoogle Scholar
(1997), “Benin: The First of the New Democracies,” in J. F. Clark and D. E. Gardinier, eds., Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview PressGoogle Scholar
Dossou, Antonin S., Jean-Yves Sinzogan, with Sylviane Mensah (2007), “Economic Growth Benin: Lost Opportunties,” chapter 22 in , , , , , , and , eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef
Doumbouya, Sékou F. and Fodé Camara (2007), “Explaining Economic Growth in Africa: The Case of Guinea,” chapter 17 in , , , , , , and , eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef
(1982), An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University PressGoogle Scholar
, , and (2002), “Dismemberment and Suffocation: A Contribution to the Debate on African Boundaries,” Comparative Political Studies 35: 1093–1118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995), “Rationalist Explanations for War,” International Organizations 49: 379–414CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998), “Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict,” in D. A. Lake and D. Rothchild, The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
(2003), “Ethnic Structure and Cultural Diversity by Country,” Journal of Economic Growth 8: 195–222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003), “Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War,” American Political Science Review 97: 75–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992), “Political Instability and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 40: 823–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2004), State-building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2002), “Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Data Set,” Journal of Peace Research 39: 615–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Herschel I. and D. Kim (1995), “The Economics of Revolutions,” Department of Economics, Brown University, Providence, RI
and (2005), “Civil Wars and Economic Growth in South Africa,” Journal of African Economies 14: 270–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999), “Political Instability, Investment, and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Journal of African Economies 8: 52–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, Fred M. and Jimmy D. Kandeh (1987), “Perspectives on Twenty-five Years of Elections in Sierra Leone,” in , ed., Elections in Independent Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview PressGoogle Scholar
(1993), “Social Origins of National Conferences in Benin and Togo,” Journal of Modern African Studies 31: 277–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997), Rogue Ambassador: An African Memoir. Sewanee, TN: University of the South PressGoogle Scholar
(2001), Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy. Boulder, CO: Lynne RiennerGoogle Scholar
(2000), “Issues in Multiple Imputation of Data of the African Research Program,” Department of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
(2000), Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne RiennerGoogle Scholar
(2001), The Skull beneath the Skin: Africa After the Cold War. Boulder, CO: Westview PressGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch (1999), Angola Unravels. New York: Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch/Africa (1993), Divide and Rule: State Sponsored Ethnic Violence in Kenya. New York: Human Rights Watch
(1981), No Shortcuts to Progress. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
and (1982), Personal Rule in Black Africa. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
(2003), The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil War. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University PressGoogle Scholar
and (1999), “Estimating Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide for Macroeconomists,” Economics Letters 65: 9–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2004), “In Search of Legitimacy: The 1966 Elections,” in I. Abdullah, ed., Between Democracy and Terror. Dakar: CODESRIAGoogle Scholar
Kasekende, Louis A. and Michael Atingi-Ego (2007), “Restarting and Sustaining Growth in a Post-conflict Economy: The Case of Uganda,” chapter 8 in , , , , , , and , eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994), The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University PressGoogle Scholar
Keen, David (2000), “Incentives and Disincentives for Violence,” in and , eds., Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
Kenya, Republic of (1992), “Report of the Parliamentary Select Committee to Investigate Ethnic Clashes in Western and Other Parts of Kenya,” Nairobi: Government Printer
Khan, Sarah Ahmed (1994), Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
Kimenyi, Mwangi S. and Njuguna Ndung'u (2005), “Sporadic Ethnic Violence: Why Has Kenya not Experienced a Full Blown Civil War?,” in Paul Collier and Nicholas Sambanis, eds., Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis (Volume 1: Africa). Washington, DC: The World Bank
Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1971), Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria. London: Oxford University Press
(1987), Entrepreneurs and Parasites: The Struggle for Indigenous Capitalism in Zaïre. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
and (2000), Congo–Paris: Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law. Oxford: James CurreyGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004), “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict,” Journal of Political Economy 112(4): 725–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Christopher (1993), “The Process and Stages of Mediation: Two Sudanese Cases,” in , ed., Making War and Waging Peace: Foreign Intervention in Africa. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace PressGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1989), Black Africa: A Comparative Handbook. New York: Paragon House
and (2001), “A Model of a Predatory State,” Journal of Law Economics and Organization 17(1): 1–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundt, Robert J. (1997), “Côte d'Ivoire: Continuity and Change in a Semi-democracy,” in and , eds., Political Reform in Francophone West Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview PressGoogle Scholar
and (2002), “Economic Growth, Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46: 91–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthoo, Abhinay (2000), “On the Foundations of Property Rights, Part 1: A Model of the State-of-nature with Two Players,” TJJ
Mwega, Francis M. and Njuguna S. Ndung'u (2007), “Explaining African Growth Performance: The Case of Kenya,” chapter 10 in , , , , , , and , eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nkurunziza, Janvier and Floribert Ngaruko (2007), “Why Has Burundi Grown so Slowly? The Political Economy of Redistribution,” chapter 2 in , , , , , , and , eds., The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Toole, Thomas (1997), “The Central African Republic: Political Reform and Social Malaise,” in and , eds., Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
Pech, Khareen (2000), “The Hand of War: Mercenaries in the Former Zaire 1996–97,” in and , eds., Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma. London: Pluto PressGoogle Scholar
(1993), Ivoirien Capitalism: African Entrepreneurs in Côte d'Ivoire. Boulder, CO: Lynne RiennerGoogle Scholar
(2000), “The Real (War) Economy of Angola,” in and , eds., Angola's War Economy. Pretoria: Institute for Security StudiesGoogle Scholar
Ross, Michael (2003), “The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor,” in and , eds., Natural Resources and Violent Conflict. Washington, DC: The World BankCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996), “Multiple Imputation after 18+ years (with Discussion),” Journal of the American Statistical Association 91: 473–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001), “A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Quantitative Literature on Civil War.” New Haven, CT: Yale UniversityGoogle Scholar
(1997), “Imputation of Missing Covariates in the Multivariate Linear Mixed Model.” Department of Statistics, University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State UniversityGoogle Scholar
(1992), “Cooperation, Conflict, and Power in the Absence of Property Rights,” American Economic Review 82: 720–38Google Scholar
(1996), “Gangs and the State of Nature,” in , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law. London: PalgraveGoogle Scholar
Strand, Havard, Lars Wilhelmsen, and Nils Petter Gleditsch (2002), “Armed Conflict Data Codebook,” Peace Research Institute, Oslo
(2001), Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace PressGoogle Scholar
Tilly, Charles (1975), “Reflections on the History of State Making,” in , ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
(1989), “The Dynastic Cycle and the Stationary State,” American Economic Review 79: 1031–44Google Scholar
(1921), “Politik als Beruf,” Gesammelte Politische Schriften. Munich: Duncker & HumblotGoogle Scholar
World Bank (1991), Governance and Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank
(1994), Adjustment in Africa: Reform, Results, and the Road Ahead. Washington, DC: The World BankGoogle Scholar
(1996), The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependency and Neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon. Trenton, NJ: Africa World PressGoogle Scholar
(1997), Governance as Conflict Management. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution PressGoogle Scholar
Zinn, Annalisa (2005), “Theory versus Reality: Civil War Onset and Avoidance in Nigeria Since 1960,” in and , eds., Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis (Volume 1: Africa). Washington, DC: The World Bank: 89–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5
- Cited by