This chapter focuses on the second of the four propositions which are explored throughout Part II:

1. (i) There are logical relationships between components of the Cultural System (CS).

2. (ii) There are causal influences exerted by the CS on the Socio- Cultural (S-C) level.

3. (iii) There are causal relationships between groups and individuals at the S-C level.

4. (iv) There is elaboration of the CS due to the S-C level modifying current logical relationships and introducing new ones.

As will be shown in this chapter, the result of adopting a dualistic approach is that when examining the effects of the Cultural System (CS) the analysis still remains largely ‘unpeopled’. Nevertheless our prime interest in the Cultural System lies precisely in its two-fold relationship with human agency; that is with its effects upon us (those logical properties which affect people) and our effects on it (how people form and transform its logical properties). In the first case, analytical dualism means that we will be discussing the conditional effects (on people) of the System; in the second case, the logical consequences (of people) on the System. Analytical, as opposed to philosophical, dualism is an artifice of convenience. Even artificially it cannot completely depopulate the cultural world and sociologically it would not be advantageous to do so. Thus when we examine Systemic influences upon us, human agency appears as a ghost in the machine; on the other hand, the investigation of our cultural products views ghostly agents as creating the machine.