THE CRITICAL ROLE OF AFRICAN PEOPLES in the evolution and operation of Atlantic markets and commerce from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century has been demonstrated in multiple ways in several of the preceding chapters. It has also been shown that the growth of English manufactured exports to Atlantic markets in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was largely responsible for increments in the sale of industrial products in England during the period and that the consequent expansion in the scale of industrial production provided the main source of pressure and opportunity for sustained technological and organizational development in manufacturing. This chapter continues the analysis by focusing on the specific mechanisms and channels through which access to Atlantic markets impacted the industrialization process in England from the midseventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century. To demonstrate the extent to which the process was trade driven – in particular, trade centered in the Atlantic basin – the specifics of the import substitution cum re-export substitution industrialization (ISI plus RSI), mentioned in Chapter 2 are examined in detail, both in industry-wide terms and in terms of the major manufacturing sectors. For purposes of the issues central to the analysis in this study, made clear in the preceding chapters, included among the Atlantic markets to which England's manufacturers had access during the period are Western Africa, the Americas, and the Iberian peninsula (Portugal and Spain).