Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2024-05-23T11:17:57.405Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - The Creative Writer, Dysphoric Rumination, and Locus of Control

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2010

Scott Barry Kaufman
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
James C. Kaufman
Affiliation:
California State University, San Bernardino
Get access

Summary

Throughout the course of writing this chapter, we have been struck with writer's block, mild anxiety as the deadline approached and passed, and sporadic depression about it remaining unwritten. However, we are still among the lucky. Academic writers have a structure to follow and basic rules that prevent the writing process from becoming too overwhelming. The fear of a blank page can be overcome by the creation of the title page, insertion of the author's contact information, and the importation of references. Academics regularly collaborate, use past research to guide present efforts, and seek input and feedback from colleagues.

Conversely, creative writers are often unable to partake of these benefits. Their reputation as artists may depend primarily on their imagination. In academic writing, gathering sources and reflecting other people's ideas constitute research; in poetry, these actions can be called plagiarism. When creative writers experience a roadblock, they do not have the luxury of the scientific manuals and databases with which to buffer their ideas. Most ideas and inspirations need to arise internally. Indeed, see Chapter 14 for more information about writer's block.

Historiometric and experimental data indicate several points of interest regarding creative writers and, specifically, poets. When compared to other creative professions, writers have a higher mortality rate (Cassandro, 1998; Kaufman, 2003; Kaun, 1991; Ludwig, 1995; Simonton, 1975). Both poets and fiction writers have higher suicide rates in comparison to other writers (Preti & Miotto, 1999).

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context: Update to The Social Psychology of Creativity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
,American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Ames, L. (1996). Sylvia Plath: A biographical note. In Plath, S., The bell jar (25th anniversary ed., pp. 277–296). New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1987). Creativity and mental illness: Prevalence rates in writers and their first-degree relatives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1288–1292.Google ScholarPubMed
Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (2001). Relation of rumination and distraction with neuroticism and extraversion in a sample of patients with major depression. Cognitive Theory and Research, 25, 91–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagby, R. M., Rector, N. A., Bacchiochi, J., & McBride, C. (2004). The stability of the Response Styles Rumination Scale in a sample of patients with major depression. Cognitive Theory and Research, 28, 527–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, F. (1969). Creative person and creative process. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Butler, L. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassandro, V. J. (1998). Explaining premature mortality across fields of creative endeavor. Journal of Personality, 66, 805–833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colley, A., & Todd, Z. (2002). Gender-linked differences in the style and content of e-mails to friends. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21, 380–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Donaldson, C., & Lam, D. (2004). Rumination, mood and social problem-solving in major depression. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1309–1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Garnefski, N., Teerds, J., Kraaji, V., Legerstee, J., & Kommer, T. (2004). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: Differences between males and females. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 267–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gore, S., Aseltine, R. H., & Colten, M. E. (1993). Gender, social-relational involvement, and depression. Journal of Research on Adolescents, 3, 101–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haigh, E. A. P., Armey, M., Fresco, D. M., Auerbach, R., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2004, November). Brooding and pondering: Isolating the active ingredients of depressive rumination with confirmatory factor analysis in an adult clinical sample. Poster presented at the annual convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Hayes, J. R. (1989). Cognitive processes in creativity. In Glover, J. A., Ronning, R. R., & Reynolds, C. R. (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 135–145). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jack, D. C. (1991). Silencing the self: Women and depression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jamison, K. R. (1989). Mood disorders and patterns of creativity in British writers and artists. Psychiatry, 52, 125–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jamison, K. R. (1993). Touched with fire. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Joormann, J., Hertel, P. T., Brozovich, F., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Remembering the good, forgetting the bad: Intentional forgetting of emotional material in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 640–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juda, A. (1949). The relationship between highest mental capacity and psychic abnormalities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 106, 296–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J. C. (2001). The Sylvia Plath effect: Mental illness in eminent creative writers. Journal of Creative Behavior, 35, 37–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C. (2003). The cost of the muse: Poets die young. Death Studies, 27, 813–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J. C., & Baer, J. (2002). I bask in dreams of suicide: Mental illness and poetry. Review of General Psychology, 6, 271–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., & Baer, J. (2005). Creativity across domains: Faces of the muse. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., Bromley, M. L., & Cole, J. C. (2006). Insane, poetic, lovable: Creativity and endorsement of the “Mad Genius” stereotype. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 26, 149–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., & Sexton, J. D. (2006). Why doesn't the writing cure help poets? Review of General Psychology, 10, 268–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Resource review: Creativity. Change, 39, 55–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, S. B., Christopher, E. M., & Kaufman, J. C. (2008). The genius portfolio: How do poets earn their creative reputations from multiple products?”Empirical Studies of the Arts, 26, 181–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaun, D. E. (1991). Writers die young: The impact of work and leisure on longevity. Journal of Economic Psychology, 12, 381–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D. G., & Nelson, C. B. (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey 1: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 85–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, S. (2000). On writing. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Kirsch, G. A., & Kuiper, N. (2002). Individualism and relatedness themes in the context of depression, gender, and a self-schema model of emotion. Canadian Psychology, 43, 76–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuehner, C., & Weber, I. (1999). Responses to depression in unipolar depressed patients: An investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1323–1333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavis, A. (2005). ‘La muse malade,’ ‘The fool's perceptions’ & ‘Il furore dell'arte’: An examination of the socio-cultural construction of genius through madness. Anthropology & Medicine, 12, 151–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefcourt, H. M. (1966). Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 206–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leikin, J. B., & Lipsky, M.S. (Eds.). (2003). American Medical Association complete medical encyclopedia. New York: Random House Reference.
Lepore, S. J., & Smyth, J. M. (2002). The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well-being. Washington, DC: APA Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lester, D. (1994). Suicide in writers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindauer, M. S. (1994). Are creative writers mad? An empirical perspective. In Rieger, B. M. (Ed.), Dionysus in literature: Essays on literary madness. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.Google Scholar
Lovallo, W. R., & Thomas, T. L. (2000). Stress hormones in psychophysiological research: Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive implications. In Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntson, G. G. (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 342–367). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ludwig, A. M. (1994). Mental illness and creative activity in women writers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1650–1656.Google Scholar
Ludwig, A. M. (1998). Method and madness in the arts and sciences. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 93–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, A. M. (1995). The price of greatness. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyubomirsky, S., Kasri, F., & Zehm, K. (2003). Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on academic tasks. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 309–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, L. T, Cadwell, N. D., & Berg, K. (1999). Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1041–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mamlin, N., Harris, K. R., & Case, L. P. (2001). A methodological analysis of research on locus of control and learning disabilities: Rethinking a common assumption. Journal of Special Education, 34, 214–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martindale, C. (1972). Father absence, psychopathology, and poetic eminence. Psychological Reports, 31, 843–847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride, C., & Bagby, R. M. (2006). Rumination and interpersonal dependency: Explaining women's vulnerability to depression. Canadian Psychology, 47, 184–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 601–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCullough, M. E., Bono, G., & Root, L. M. (2007). Rumination, emotion, and forgiveness: Three longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 490–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCullough, M. E., Orsulak, P., Brandon, A., & Akers, L. (2007). Rumination, fear, and cortisol: An in vivo study of interpersonal transgressions. Health Psychology, 26, 126–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middlebrook, D. (1991). Anne Sexton: A biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Miller, J. B. (1976). Towards a new psychology of women. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychology Bulletin, 128, 638–662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (2001). The numbers count: Mental disorders in America. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1996). Chewing the cud and other ruminations. In Wyer, R. S. (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts (pp. 135–144). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 173–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). “Thanks for sharing that”: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Jackson, B. (2001). Mediators of the gender difference in rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1061–1072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nettle, D., & Clegg, H. (2006). Schizotypy, creativity and mating success in humans. Procedures of Biological Science, 273, 611–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1983). The Nowicki-Strickland life-span locus of control scales: Construct validation. In Lefcourt, H. M. (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct, vol. 2 (pp. 9–52). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
O' Brien, G. E. (1984). Locus of control, work, and retirement. In Lefcourt, H. M. (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct, vol. 1 (pp. 7–72). Orlando, FL: Academic Press, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peeters, F., Wessel, I., Merchelbach, H., & Boon-Vermeeren, M. (2002). Autobiographical memory specificity and the course of major depressive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43, 344–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC): LIWC 2001. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1243–1254.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, J. (1998). Themes in the lives of contemporary U.S. women creative writers at midlife. Roeper Review, 21, 60–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, F. (1994). Creativity and psychopathology: A study of 291 world-famous men. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 22–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Post, F. (1996). Verbal creativity, depression and alcoholism: An investigation of one hundred American and British writers. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 545–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preti, A., & Miotto, P. (1999). Suicide among eminent artists. Psychological Reports, 84, 291–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raskin, E. A. (1936). Comparison of scientific and literary ability: A biographical study of eminent scientists and men of letters in the nineteenth century. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 31, 20–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998). Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 401–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romo, M., & Alfonso, V. (2003). Implicit theories of Spanish painters. Creativity Research Journal, 15, 409–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothenberg, A. (1990). Creativity and madness: New findings and old stereotypes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, A. (1995). Creativity and mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 815–816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rotter, J. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcements. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 790–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sawyer, R. K. (2006). Explaining creativity: The science of human innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, J. (2002). Issues in creativity and madness, part one: Ancient questions, modern answers. Ethical Human Sciences & Services, 4, 73–76.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, J. (2003). Issues in creativity and madness, part three: Who cares?Ethical Human Sciences & Services, 5, 149–152.Google Scholar
Schneider, P. B. (2002). Les ecrivains et le suicide [Writers and suicide]. Schweizer-Archiv-fuer-Neurologie-und-Psychiatrie, 153, 221–231.Google Scholar
Silverstone, R., & Towler, R. (1983). Progression and tradition in the job of the secretary. Personnel Management, 15(5), 30–33.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1975). Age and literary creativity: A cross-cultural and transhistorical survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 6, 259–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1990). Psychology, science, and history: An introduction to historiometry. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. B., Dugan, S., & Trompenaars, F. (1997). Locus of control and affectivity by gender and occupational status: A 14 nation study. Sex Roles, 36, 51–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaniol, S. (2001). Art and mental illness: Where is the link?Arts in Psychotherapy, 28, 221–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stack, S. (1997). Suicide among artists. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 129–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stack, S. (2001). Occupation and suicide. Social Science Quarterly, 82, 384–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. In Sternberg, R. J.. (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3–15). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stirman, S. W., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2001). Word use in the poetry of suicidal and non-suicidal poets. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 517–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, D. (1937). Do not go gently into that good night. In Dylan Thomas: The poems. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.Google Scholar
Timpane, J., & Watts, M. (2001). Poetry for dummies. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Truss, C., Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (1995). Segregated occupations and gender stereotyping: A study of secretarial work in Europe. Human Relations, 48, 1331–1354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, D. (2002). Ventriloquizing the male: Two portraits of the artist as a young man by May Sinclair and Edith Wharton. Men and Masculinities, 4, 322–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, A. H., Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Can't quite commit: Rumination and uncertainty. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 96–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisberg, R. (1986). Creativity: Genius and other myths. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1977). Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 98–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarhouse, M. A., & Kreeft Turcic, E. (2003). Depression, creativity, and religion: A pilot study of Christians in the visual arts. Journal of Psychological Theology, 31, 348–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×