The task of creating a durable peace in the aftermath of the First World War would have been beyond the intellectual and diplomatic capacities of most mortals. The process of imperial disintegration in central Europe, Bolshevik revolution and civil war in Russia, and the stirrings of nationalism in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East would lead to armed conflict regardless of what the wise men of Paris did or did not do. They might try to create nations on the basis of popular will, but they could not do so without creating new minorities and in some cases drawing frontiers that made little economic or historical sense. In the period 1918–41, our list contains thirty interstate wars in the central international system. Of these, at least eight (27 percent) had their sources in the post-1918 settlements. The parties went to war or otherwise used force to alter the terms of the relevant peace treaties or to enforce their provisions against challenges by military means. From the point of view of controlling or reducing the incidence of war, the 1814–15 settlements were far more successful. The thirtieth war or armed intervention did not take place until 1913, ninety-nine years after the first Peace of Paris, while after the Versailles settlements the world was plunged into thirty wars in the twenty-two years after Woodrow Wilson sailed home from Europe.