That Brazil had relatively large equity markets before 1915 should make us wonder what institutional system was in place in this country that provided national and foreign investors enough securities to buy equity issued by local companies. One possibility is that Company Laws passed in 1882, 1890, and 1891 provided strong protections for investors. In particular we would want to know if small investors were protected against the power or abuses of managers or insiders (e.g., large shareholders).

Some works in the law and finance literature argues that protection for minority shareholders is aff orded by a basic set of principles, or rights, embodied in corporate laws with which companies are obliged to comply. Smaller investors are presumed to be encouraged by these protections to participate in the ownership of corporations, thereby deepening equity markets. Evidence for the 1990s reveals that equity markets tended to be larger and more corporations tended to be traded on the stock exchanges of countries in which small shareholders were accorded greater protection in national company laws. Th us, this chapter first explores whether the set of investor protections La Porta et al. consider relevant for the protection of small shareholders was present during the first boom in stock market development in Brazil.

In other countries there is evidence that these protections were not necessary for the development of equity markets.