DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE AGES OF ROCKS.

In attempting to classify the mineral masses which compose the crust of the earth, the principal object which the geologist must keep in view, is to determine with accuracy their chronological relations, for it is abundantly clear, that different rocks have been formed in succession ; and in order thoroughly to comprehend the manner in which they enter into the structure of our continents, we should study them with reference to the time and mode of their formation.

We shall now, therefore, consider by what characters the relative ages of different rocks may be established, whereby we may be supplied at once with sound information of the greatest practical utility, and which may throw, at the same time, the fullest light on the ancient history of the globe.

Proofs of relative age by superposition.

It is evident that where we find a series of horizontal strata, of sedimentary origin, the uppermost bed must be newer than those which it overlies, and that when we observe one distinct set of strata reposing upon another, the inferior is the older of the two. In countries where the original position of mineral masses has been disturbed, at different periods, by convulsions of extraordinary violence, as in the Alps and other mountainous districts, there are instances where the original position of strata has been reversed ; but such exceptions are rare, and are usually on a small scale, and an experienced observer can generally ascertain the true relations of the rocks in question, by examining some adjoining districts where the derangement has been less extensive.