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24 - Functional imaging of Alzheimer's disease

from Section IV - Cognitive Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2011

By
Vanessa Taler  and
Andrew J. Saykin
Edited by
Martha E. Shenton  and
Bruce I. Turetsky
Vanessa Taler
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
Andrew J. Saykin
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
Martha E. Shenton
Affiliation:
VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Bruce I. Turetsky
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
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Summary

Alzheimer's disease

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is the most common cause of age-related dementia, accounting for between 60 and 80% of cases of dementia. In 2008, around 5.2 million Americans had AD, with an approximate annual cost of $100 billion. It is estimated that between 11 and 16 million people will be diagnosed with AD in the United States by 2050 (Alzheimer's Association, 2008).

Neuropathological alterations in AD include synaptic loss and cortical atrophy, buildup of beta-amyloid fragments into the “senile” plaques between neurons identified a century ago, and of tau protein into the hallmark neurofibrillary tangles within dead or dying neurons. Cholinergic and glutaminergic pathways are prominently involved in the pathophysiology of AD. While the genetic bases of sporadic late-onset AD are not yet well understood, there are several genetic factors that have been identified as playing a role in the disease. A small number of AD cases (<5%) are familial in nature and caused by rare mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin (PSEN) genes. Presence of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein-E (APOE) gene confers increased risk of the more prominent late-onset form of AD, and many studies aiming to identify risk markers for AD focus on these genes.

Keywords

Alzheimer's diseasebeta-amyloidcognitive tasksPETmild cognitive impairmentfunctional neuroimagingcortical activationfMRISPECT
Type
Chapter
Information
Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Insights from Neuroimaging
 , pp. 332 - 350
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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