Complex analysis in one variable studies a special type of function (called analytic or holomorphic) mapping complex numbers to themselves. There are a number of seemingly unrelated but equivalent ways for defining an analytic function. Each has its advantages; all should be known.

We will first define analyticity in terms of a limit (in direct analogy with the definition of a derivative for a real-valued function). We will then see that this limit definition can also be captured by the Cauchy-Riemann equations, an amazing set of partial differential equations. Analyticity will then be described in terms of relating the function with a particular path integral (the Cauchy Integral Formula). Even further, we will see that a function is analytic if and only if it can be locally written in terms of a convergent power series. We will then see that an analytic function, viewed as a map from R2 to R2, must preserve angles (which is what the term conformal means), provided that the function has a nonzero derivative.