Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-01T20:32:37.547Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 18 - Reproduction and the origin of the sporophyte

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Charles B. Beck
Charles B. Beck
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Get access

Summary

Perspective: the plant life cycle

Reproduction in higher plants is relatively complex, involving a life cycle consisting of two phases, a diploid sporophyte phase and a haploid gametophyte phase, comprising what is called an alternation of generations. The prominent bodies of angiosperm trees, shrubs, perennials, and annuals as well as those of gymnosperms, ferns, sphenophytes, and lycophytes are sporophytes, having developed from fertilized egg cells (zygotes). The gametes which fused to form the zygotes, however, were produced by gametophytes, very small plant bodies, parasitic on the sporophytes in seed plants, but somewhat larger and free-living in pteridophytes (except in heterosporous species in which gametophytes when mature remain, at least in part, within the walls of the spores from which they develop).

The sporophyte in pteridophytes is dominant, and although dependent initially for its nutrition on the gametophyte, soon becomes independent. The gametophyte is much reduced in size but is free-living and either autotrophic or saprophytic. In seed plants, the sporophyte is also dominant and initially dependent on the gametophyte, but soon becomes independent. The gametophyte is greatly reduced, however, and parasitic on the sporophyte. In angiosperms it is exceptionally small, consisting in many taxa of only seven cells and eight nuclei, and can be observed only with a microscope.

The life cycle of a vascular plant can be summarized as follows. The sporophyte produces specialized cells called sporocytes that undergo meiosis producing haploid spores. The spores germinate to form the gametophytes in which gametes are produced.

Type
Chapter
Information
An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development
Plant Anatomy for the Twenty-First Century
 , pp. 361 - 397
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Araki, T. 2001. Transition from vegetative to reproductive phase. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 63–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Barnabas, B. and Fridvalszky, L.. 1984. Adhesion and germination of differently treated maize pollen grains on the stigma. Acta Bot. Hungar. 30: 329–332.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Boesewinkel, F. D. and Bouman, F.. 1984. The seed: structure. In Johri, B. M., ed., Embryology of Angiosperms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 567–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Bouman, F. 1984. The ovule. In Johri, B. M., ed., Embryology of Angiosperms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 123–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Bove, J., Vaillancourt, B., Kroeger, J.et al. 2008. Magnitude and direction of vesicle dynamics in growing pollen tubes using spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Plant Physiol. 147: 1646–1658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Bradley, D., Vincent, C., Carpenter, R., and Coen, E.. 1996. Pathways for inflorescence and floral induction in Antirrhinum. Development 122: 1535–1544.Google ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Brownlee, C. 1994. Signal transduction during fertilization in algae and vascular plants. New Phytol. 127: 399–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Bruns, D. and Owens, J. N.. 2000. Western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) reproduction. II. Fertilization and cytoplasmic inheritance. Sex. Plant Reprod. 13: 75–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Cai, G. and Cresti, M.. 2008. Organelle motility in the pollen tube: a tale of 20 years. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 495–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Cardenas, L., Lovy-Wheeler, A., Kunkel, J. G. and Hepler, P. K.. 2008. Pollen tube growth oscillations and intracellular calcium levels are reversibly modulated by actin polymerization. Plant Physiol. 146: 1611–1621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Chang, S. T., Chen, W. S., Koshioka, M.et al. 2001. Gibberellins in relation to flowering in Polianthes tuberosa. Physiol. Plant. 112: 429–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Cheung, A. Y. 1995. Pollen–pistil interactions in compatible pollen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 3077–3080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Cheung, A. Y. and Wu, H.-M.. 2007. Structural and functional compartmentalization in pollen tubes. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 75–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Cheung, A. Y., Duan, Q-H., Costa, S. S.et al. 2008. The dynamic pollen tube cytoskeleton: live cell studies using actin-binding and microtubule-binding reporter proteins. Molecular Plant 1: 686–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Coulter, J. M. and Chamberlain, C. J.. 1917. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Darwin, C. 1877. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. London: John Murray.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Nettancourt, D. 2001. Incompatibility and Incongruity in Wild and Cultivated Plants, 2nd edn. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Dixit, R. and Nasrallah, J. B.. 2001. Recognizing self in the self-incompatibility response. Plant Physiol. 125: 105–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Doyle, J. 1963. Proembryogeny in Pinus in relation to that in other conifers: a survey. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 62B: 181–216.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Elleman, C. J., and Dickinson, H. G.. 1990. The role of the exine coating in pollen-stigma interactions in Brassica oleracea L. New Phytol. 114: 511–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Elleman, C. J., and Dickinson, H. G..1996. Identification of pollen components regulating pollination-specific responses in the stigmatic papillae of Brassica oleracea. New Phytol. 133: 197–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Elleman, C. J., Frankin-Tong, V., and Dickinson, H. G.. 1992. Pollination in species with dry stigmas: the nature of the early stigmatic response and the pathway taken by pollen tubes. New Phytol. 121: 413–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Endress, P. K. 1994. Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Endress, P. K. and Igersheim, A.. 2000. Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161: S211–S223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Faure, J.-E. and Dumas, C.. 2001. Fertilization in flowering plants: new approaches for an old story. Plant Physiol. 125: 102–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Friedman, W. E. 1990. Double fertilization in Ephedra, a nonflowering seed plant: its bearing on the origin of angiosperms. Science 247: 951–954.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Friedman, W. E. 1994. The evolution of embryogeny in seed plants and the developmental origin and early history of endosperm. Am. J. Bot. 81: 1468–1486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Friedman, W. E. 1998. The evolution of double fertilization and endosperm: an “historical” perspective. Sex. Plant Reprod. 11: 6–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Friedman, W. E. and Carmichael, J. S.. 1998. Heterochrony and developmental innovation: evolution of female gametophyte ontogeny in Gnetum, a highly apomorphic seed plant. Evolution 52: 1016–1030.Google ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Friedman, W. E. and Gifford, E. M.. 1997. Development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba: a window into the reproductive biology of early seed plants. In Hori, T., Ridge, R. W., Tuleke, W.et al., eds., Ginkgo biloba: A Global Treasure. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 29–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Frolich, M. W. and Meyerowitz, E. M.. 1997. The search for flower homeotic gene homologs in basal angiosperms and Gnetales: a potential new source of data on the evolutionary origin of flowers. Int. J. Plant Sci. 158: S131–S142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Geitmann, A., Snowman, B. N., Emons, A. M. C. and Franklin-Tong, V. E.. 2000. Alterations in the actin cytoskeleton of pollen tubes are induced by the self-incompatibility reaction in Papaver rhoeas. Plant Cell 12: 1239–1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Hamano, M., Yamato, Y., Yamazaki, H., and Miura, H.. 2002. Endogenous gibberellins and their effects on flowering and stem elongation in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 77: 220–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Hererro, M. 2000. Changes in the ovary related to pollen tube guidance. Ann. Bot. 85: 79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Heslop-Harrison, J. 1979. An interpretation of the hydrodynamics of pollen. Am. J. Bot. 66: 737–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Heslop-Harrison, J. 1987. Pollen germination and pollen-tube growth. Int. Rev. Cytol. 107: 1–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Heslop-Harrison, J. and Heslop-Harrison, Y.. 1997. Intracellular motility and the evolution of the actin cytoskeleton during development of the male gametophyte of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B352: 1985–1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Heslop-Harrison, Y. 2000. Control gates and micro-ecology: the pollen-stigma interaction in perspective. Ann. Bot. (Suppl. A) 85: 5–13.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Heslop-Harrison, Y. and Reger, B. J.. 1988. Tissue organization, pollen receptivity and pollen tube guidance in normal and mutant stigmas of the grass Pennisetum pyphoides (Burm) Stap. et Hubb. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1: 182–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Huang, B.-Q. and Russell, S. D.. 1994. Fertilization in Nicotiana tabacum: cytoskeletal modifications in the embryo sac during synergid degeneration. Planta 194: 200–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Ikeda, S., Nasrallah, J. B., Dixit, R., Preiss, S., and Nasrallah, M. E.. 1997. An aquaporin-like gene required for the Brassica self-incompatibility response. Science 276: 1564–1566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Jaeger, P. 1961. The Wonderful Life of Flowers. New York, NY: E. P. Dutton.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Jensen, W. A. 1965. The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the synergids of cotton. Am. J. Bot. 52: 238–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Jensen, W. A. 1998. Double fertilization: a personal view. Sex. Plant Reprod. 11: 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Jensen, W. A. and Fisher, D.. 1968. Cotton embryogenesis: the entrance and discharge of the pollen tube in the embryo sac. Planta 78: 158–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Johansson, M. and Walles, B.. 1993a. Functional anatomy of the ovule in broad bean (Vicia faba L.). I. Histogenesis prior to and after pollination. Int. J. Plant Sci. 154: 80–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Johansson, M. and Walles, B..1993b. Functional anatomy of the ovule in broad bean, Vicia faba L. II. Ultrastructural development up to early embryogenesis. Int. J. Plant Sci. 154: 535–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Knox, R. B., Zee, S. Y., Blomstedt, C., and Singh, M. B.. 1993. Male gametes and fertilization in angiosperms. New Phytol. 125: 679–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Krasowski, M. J. and Owens, J. N.. 1993. Ultrastructural and histochemical postfertilization megagametophyte and zygotic embryo development of white spruce (Picea glauca) emphasizing the deposition of seed storage products. Can. J. Bot. 71: 98–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Lancelle, S. A., Cresti, M. and Hepler, P. K.. 1987. Ultrastructure of the cytoskeleton in freeze-substituted pollen tubes of Nicotiana alata. Protoplasma 140: 141–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Lawrence, G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Lejeune, P., Bernier, G., Requier, M. C., and Kinet, J. M.. 1993. Sucrose increase during floral induction in the phloem sap collected at the apical part of the shoot of the long-day plant Sinapis alba L. Planta 190: 71–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Linskens, H. F. 1988. Present status and future prospects of sexual reproduction research in higher plants. In Cresti, M., Gori, P., and Pacini, E., eds., Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 451–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Lloyd, D. G. and Schoen, D. J.. 1992. Self- and cross-fertilization in plants. I. Functional dimensions. Int. J. Plant Sci. 153: 358–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Lovy-Wheeler, A., Wilsen, K. L., Baskin, T. I. and Hepler, P. K.. 2005. Enhanced fixation reveals the apical cortical fringe of actin filaments as a consistent feature of the pollen tube. Planta 221: 95–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Lush, W. M., Grieser, F., and Wolters-Arts, M.. 1998. Directional guidance of Nicotiana alata pollen tubes in vitro and on the stigma. Plant Physiol. 118: 733–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Lush, W. M., Spurck, T., and Joosten, R.. 2000. Pollen tube guidance by the pistil of a solanaceous plant. Ann. Bot. (Suppl. A) 85: 39–47.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Maheshwari, P. 1950. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Mascarenhas, J. P. 1993. Molecular mechanisms of pollen tube growth and differentiation. Plant Cell5: 1303–1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Nguyen, H., Brown, R. C., and Lemmon, B. E.. 2001. Patterns of cytoskeletal organization reflect distinct developmental domains in endosperm of Coronopus didymus (Brassicaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 162: 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.O'Neill, S. D. 1992. The photoperiodic control of flowering: progress toward understanding the mechanism of induction. Photochem. Photobiol. 56: 789–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.O'Neill, S. D., Zhang, X. S., and Zheng, C. C.. 1994. Dark and circadian regulation of messenger-RNA accumulation in the short-day plant Pharbitis-nil. Plant Physiol. 104: 569–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Owens, J. N. and Bruns, D.. 2000. Western white pine (Pinus monticola Dongl.) reproduction. I. Gametophyte development. Sex. Plant Reprod. 13: 61–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Owens, J. N. and Morris, S. J.. 1991. Cytological basis for cytoplasmic inheritance in Pseudotsuga menziesii. II. Fertilization and proembryo development. Am. J. Bot. 78: 1515–1427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Owens, J. N., Takaso, T., and Runions, C. J.. 1998. Pollination in conifers. Trends Plant Sci. 3: 479–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Palser, B. F., Rouse, J. L., and William, E. G.. 1992. A scanning electron microscope study of the pollen tube pathway in pistils of Rhododendron. Can. J. Bot. 70: 1039–1060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Pettitt, J. M. 1985. Pollen tube development and characteristics of the protein emission in conifers. Ann. Bot. 56: 379–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Pierson, E. S. and Cresti, M.. 1992. Cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic organization of pollen and pollen tubes. Int. Rev. Cytol. 140: 73–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Polowick, P. L. and Sawhney, V. K.. 1993. An ultrastructural study of pollen development in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). II. Pollen maturation. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1048–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Poulter, N. S., Vatovec, S. and Franklin-Tong, V. E.. 2008. Microtubules are a target for self-incompatibility signaling in Papaver pollen. Plant Physiol. 146: 1358–1367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Ray, S., Park, S.-S., and Ray, A.. 1997. Pollen tube guidance by the female gametophyte. Development 124: 2489–2498.Google ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Romberger, J. A., Hejnowicz, Z., and Hill, J. F.. 1993. Plant Structure: Function and Development. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Ruiz-Medrano, R., Xoconostle-Cazares, B., and Lucas, W. J.. 2001. The phloem as a conduit for inter-organ communication. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 202–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Runions, C. J. and Owens, J. N.. 1999a. Sexual reproduction of interior spruce (Pinaceae). I. Pollen germination to archegonial maturation. Int. J. Plant Sci. 160: 631–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Runions, C. J. and Owens, J. N..1999b. Sexual reproduction of interior spruce (Pinaceae). II. Fertilization to early embryo formation. Int. J. Plant Sci. 160: 641–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Running, M. P. and Hake, S.. 2001. The role of floral meristems in patterning. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 69–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Russell, S. D. 1984. Ultrastructure of the sperm of Plumbago zeylanica. II. Quantitative cytology and three-dimensional organization. Planta 162: 385–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Russell, S. D. 1985. Preferential fertilization in Plumbago: ultrastructural evidence for gamete-level recognition in an angiosperm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 6129–6132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Siegel, B. A. and Verbeke, J. A.. 1989. Diffusible factors essential for epidermal cell redifferentiation in Catharanthus roseus. Science 244: 580–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Singh, H. 1978. Encyclopedia of Plant Anatomy, Vol. 10, Part 2, Embryology of Gymnosperms. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Stephenson, A. G., Doughty, J., Dixon, S.et al. 1997. The male determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica oleracea is located in the pollen coating. Plant J. 12: 1351–1359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Stewart, W. N. and Rothwell, G. W.. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Taylor, L. P. and Hepler, P. K.. 1997. Pollen germination and tube growth. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 461–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Troughton, J. and Donaldson, L. A.. 1972. Probing Plant Structure. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Research, Science and Technology.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Tucker, S. C. 1997. Floral evolution, development, and convergence: the hierarchical-significance hypothesis. Int. J. Plant Sci. 158: S143–S161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Tucker, S. C. and Kantz, K. E.. 2001. Open carpels with ovules in Fabaceae. Int. J. Plant Sci. 162: 1065–1073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Schoot, C., Dietrich, M. A., Storms, M., Verbeke, J. A., and Lucas, W. J.. 1995. Establishment of a cell-to-cell communication pathway between separate carpels during gynoecium development. Planta 195: 450–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Vidali, L. and Hepler, P. K.. 2001. Actin and pollen tube growth. Protoplasma 215: 64–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Vidali, L., McKenna, S. T., and Hepler, P. K.. 2001. Actin polymerization is essential for pollen tube growth. Molecular Biol. Cell. 12: 2534–2545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Wang, H., Wu, H.-M., and Cheung, A. Y.. 1993. Development and pollination regulated accumulation and glycosylation of a stylar transmitting tissue-specific proline-rich protein. Plant Cell 5: 1639–1650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Weber, M. 1994. Stigma, style, and pollen tube pathway in Smyrnium perfoliatum (Apiaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 155: 437–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Weberling, F. 1989. Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Wei, L., Liu, B, and Li, Y.. 2005. Distribution of a kinesin-related protein on Golgi apparatus of tobacco pollen tubes. Chinese Science Bull. 50: 2175–2181.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Weigel, D. 1995. The genetics of flower development: from floral induction to ovule morphogenesis. Annu. Rev. Genet. 29: 19–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Wheeler, M. J., Franklin-Tong, V. E., and Franklin, F. C. H.. 2001. The molecular and genetic basis of pollen-pistil interactions. New Phytol. 151: 565–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Wolters-Arts, M., Lush, W. M., and Mariani, C.. 1998. Lipids are required for directional pollen tube growth. Nature 392: 818–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Yu, H.-S, Hu, S.-Y, and Russell, S. D.. 1992. Sperm cells in pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum L.: three-dimensional reconstruction, cytoplasmic diminution, and quantitative cytology. Protoplasma 168: 172–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Zhang, Z. and Russell, S. D.. 1999. Sperm cell surface characteristics of Plumbago zeylanica L. in relation to transport in the embryo sac. Planta 208: 539–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Anderhag, P., Hepler, P. K., and Lazzaro, M. D.. 2000. Microtubules and microfilaments are both responsible for pollen tube elongation in the conifer Picea abies (Norway spruce). Protoplasma 214: 141–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Barnard, C. 1957a. Floral histogenesis in the monocotyledons. I. The Gramineae. Austral. J. Bot. 5: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Barnard, C. 1957b. Floral histogenesis in the monocotyledons. II. The Cyperaceae. Austral. J. Bot. 5: 115–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Barton, L. V. 1965. Dormancy in seeds imposed by the seed coat. Handb. Pflanzenphysiol. 15: 727–745.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Bernier, G. 1971. Structural and metabolic changes in the shoot apex in transition to flowering. Can. J. Bot. 49: 803–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Brown, R. C. and Mogensen, H. L.. 1972. Late ovule and early embryo development in Quercus gambelii. Am. J. Bot. 59: 311–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Brown, W. V. 1960. The morphology of the grass embryo. Phytomorphology 10: 215–223.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Brown, W. V. 1965. The grass embryo: a rebuttal. Phytomorphology 15: 274–284.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Camefort, H. 1969. Fécondation et proembryogenese chez les Abietacées (notion de néocytoplasme). Rev. Cytol. Biol. Vég. 32: 253–271.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Carlquist, S. 1969. Toward acceptable evolutionary interpretations of floral anatomy. Phytomorphology 19: 332–352.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Chesnoy, L. and Thomas, M. J.. 1971. Electron microscopy studies on gametogenesis and fertilization in gymnosperms. Phytomorphology 21: 50–63.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Davis, G. L. 1966. Systematic Embryology of the Angiosperms. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Dickinson, H. G., Elleman, C. J., and Doughty, J.. 2000. Pollen coatings: chimaeric genetics and new functions. Sex. Plant Reprod. 12: 302–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Dunbar, A. 1973. Pollen ontogeny in some species of Campanulaceae: a study by electron microscopy. Bot. Notiser 126: 277–315.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Edwards, M. M. 1968. Dormancy in seeds of charlock. III. Occurrence and mode of action of an inhibitor associated with dormancy. Ann. Bot. 19: 601–610.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Elleman, C. J. and Dickinson, H. G.. 1999. Commonalities between pollen/stigma and host/pathogen interactions: calcium accumulation during stigmatic penetration by Brassica oleracea pollen tubes. Sex. Plant Reprod. 12: 194–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd. edn. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Foster, A. S. and Gifford, Jr E. M.. 1974. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants, 2nd edn. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Greyson, R. I. 1994. The Development of Flowers. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Hayward, H. E. 1938. The Structure of Economic Plants. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Hepler, P. K., Vivaldi, L., and Cheung, A. Y.. 2001. Polarized cell growth in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Cell Devel. Biol. 17: 159–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Heslop-Harrison, J. (ed.) 1971. Pollen Development and Physiology. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Heslop-Harrison, J. and Heslop-Harrison, Y.. 1991. The actin cytoskeleton in unfixed pollen tubes following microwave-accelerated DMSO- permeabilization and TRITC-phalloidin staining. Sex. Plant Reprod. 4: 6–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Hoefert, L. L. 1969. Fine structure of sperm cells in pollen grains in Beta. Protoplasma 68: 237–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Holdaway-Clarke, T. L. and Hepler, P. K.. 2003. Control of pollen tube growth: role of ion gradients and fluxes. New Phytol. 159: 539–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Hori, T., Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W.et al. (eds.) 1997. Ginkgo biloba: A Global Treasure. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Hulme, A. C. (ed.) 1970. The Biochemistry of Fruits and their Products, Vol. 1. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Hyde, B. B. 1970. Mucilage-producing cells in the seed coat of Plantago ovata: developmental fine structure. Am. J. Bot. 57: 1197–1206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Jensen, W. A. 1965. The ultrastructure and composition of the egg and central cell of cotton. Am. J. Bot. 52: 781–797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Jensen, W. A. 1968. Cotton embryogenesis: the zygote. Planta 79: 346–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Jensen, W. A. 1969. Cotton embryogenesis: pollen tube development in the nucellus. Can. J. Bot. 47: 383–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Jensen, W. A. 1973. Fertilization in flowering plants. BioScience 23: 21–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Johri, B. M. (ed.) 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Justus, C. D., Anderhag, P., Goins, J. L., and Lazzaro, M. C.. 2004. Microtubules and microfilaments coordinate to direct a fountain streaming pattern in elongating conifer pollen tube tips. Planta 219: 103–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Kaplan, D. R. 1969. Seed development in Downingia. Phytomorphology 19: 253–278.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.) 1972. Seed Biology, 2 vols. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Lloyd, D. G. and Barrett, S. C. H.. (eds.) 1996. Floral Biology. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Luckwill, L. C. 1959. Factors controlling the growth and form of fruits. J. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 56: 294–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Maheshwari, P. and Singh, H.. 1967. The female gametophyte of gymnosperms. Biol. Rev. 42: 88–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Mahlberg, P. G. 1960. Embryogeny and histogenesis in Nerium oleander L. I. Organization of primary meristematic tissues. Phytomorphology 10: 118–131.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Miller, D. D., Lancelle, S. A., and Hepler, P. K.. 1996. Actin microfilaments do not form a dense meshwork in Lilium longiflorum pollen tube tips. Protoplasma 195: 123–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Netolitzky, F. 1926. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Anatomie der Angiospermen- Samen, Vol. 10, Lief. Berlin: Bornträger.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Norstog, K. 1972. Early development of the barley embryo: fine structure. Am. J. Bot. 59: 123–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.O'Brien, T. P. and Thimann, K. V.. 1967. Observations on the fine structure of the oat coleoptile. III. Correlated light and electron microscopy of the vascular tissues. Protoplasma 63: 443–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Perdue, T. D. and Parthasarathy, M. V.. 1985. In situ localization of F-actin in pollen tubes. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 39: 13–20.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Periasamy, K. 1977. A new approach to the classification of angiosperm embryos. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 86B: 1–13.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Pierson, E. S. 1988. Rhodamine-phalloidin staining of F-actin in pollen after dimethyl sulphoxide permeabilization: a comparison with the conventional formaldehyde preparation. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1: 83–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Pijl, L. 1972. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants, 2nd edn. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Puri, V. 1952. Placentation in angiosperms. Bot. Rev. 18: 603–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Raghavan, V. 1976. Experimental Embryogenesis in Vascular Plants. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Raghavan, V. 1986. Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: A Developmental and Experimental Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Rost, T. L. 1975. The morphology of germination in Setaria lutescens (Gramineae): the effects of covering structures and chemical inhibitors on dormant and non-dormant florets. Ann. Bot. 39: 21–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Russell, S. D. 1991. Isolation and characterization of sperm cells in flowering plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol. 42: 189–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Russell, S. D. 1994. Fertilization in higher plants. In Stephenson, A. B. and Kao, T. H., eds., Pollen–Pistil Interactions and Pollen Tube Growth. Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Physiology, pp. 140–152.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Russell, S. D. 1996. Attraction and transport of male gametes for fertilization. Sex. Plant Reprod. 9: 337–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Schulz, P. and Jensen, W. A.. 1977. Cotton embryogenesis: the early development of the free nuclear endosperm. Am. J. Bot. 64: 384–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Schulz, P. and Jensen, W. A..1968. Capsella embryogenesis: the egg, zygote, and young embryo. Am. J. Bot. 55: 807–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Schulz, P. and Jensen, W. A..1969. Capsella embryogenesis: the suspensor and the basal cell. Protoplasma 67: 138–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Singh, D. and Dathan, A. S. R.. 1972. Structure and development of seed coat in Cucurbitaceae. VI. Seeds of Cucurbita. Phytomorphology 22: 29–45.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Sporne, K. R. 1958. Some aspects of floral vascular systems. Proc. Linn. Soc. London B 169: 75–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Srivastava, L. M. and Paulson, R. E.. 1968. The fine structure of the embryo of Lactuca sativa. II. Changes during germination. Can. J. Bot. 46: 1447–1453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Steeves, T. A. and Sussex, I. M.. 1989. Patterns in Plant Development, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Tepfer, S. S. 1953. Floral anatomy and ontogeny in Aquilegia formosa var. truncata and Ranunculus repens. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 25: 513–648.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Thimann, K. V. and O'Brien, T. P.. 1965. Histological studies of the coleoptile. II. Comparative vascular anatomy of coleoptiles of Avena and Triticum. Am. J. Bot. 52: 918–923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Tian, H. Q., Zhang, Z. J., and Russell, S. D.. 2001. Sperm dimorphism in Nicotiana tabacum L. Sex. Plant Reprod. 14: 123–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Tucker, S. C. 1959. Ontogeny of the inflorescence and the flower of Drimys winteri var. chilensis. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 30: 257–336.Google Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Tucker, S. C. 1999. Evolutionary lability of symmetry in early floral development. Int. J. Plant Sci. 160: S25–S39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Tucker, S. C. 2003. Floral development in legumes. Plant Physiol. 131: 911–926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Tucker, S. C. and Grimes, J.. 1999. The inflorescence: introduction. Bot. Rev. 65: 303–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Wardlaw, C. W. 1955. Embryogenesis in Plants. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Webb, M. C. and Gunning, B. E. S.. 1991. The microtubular cytoskeleton during development of the zygote, proembryo and free-nuclear endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 184: 187–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Weterings, K. and Russell, S. D.. 2004. Experimental analysis of the fertilization process. Plant Cell 16: S107–S118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Yeung, E. C. 1980. Embryogeny of Phaseolus: the role of the suspensor. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 96: 17–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The diploid (2n) cell that results from the fusion of male and female gametes.Zhang, Z., Tian, H. Q., and Russell, S. D.. 1999. Localization of myosin on sperm-cell-associated membranes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Protoplasma 208: 123–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×