I In literature beginnings are always an end. They mark the end of a period of indecision and indeterminacy and seal with the stamp of closure the exclusion of all but one possible beginning. The importance of beginnings and of first words for ancient readers and critics is revealed by the significance they attached to the first word of the Iliad – μῆνιν. Indeed, the first words of a poem rather than its “title” were enough to identify it. The cult of beginnings in the appreciation of ancient literature was so much a matter of faith that it had to be blasphemed, as it was, by Lucian in his True History. Here Lucian as protagonist interrogates the soul of Homer in Hades; his were the burning philological questions of Lucian's age. What city did the poet come from – Chios, Smyrna, or Colophon? Necromancy produces the startling response that he was not a Greek but came from Babylon, where he was called Tigranes.