Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T07:58:25.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Roderick Floud
Affiliation:
Gresham College
Robert W. Fogel
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Bernard Harris
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
Sok Chul Hong
Affiliation:
Sogang University, Seoul
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Changing Body
Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700
, pp. 376 - 422
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acheson, D. 1998. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health. London: The Stationery Office.
A'Hearn, B. 2003. Anthropometric evidence on living standards in northern Italy, 1730–1860. Journal of Economic History 63: 351–381.Google Scholar
Aitchson, J., Brown, J. 1966. The Lognormal Distribution. University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Economics Micrographs no. 5. Cambridge University Press.
Åkerman, S., Högberg, U., Danielsson, M. 1988. Health, height and nutrition in early modern Sweden. In Society, Health and Population during Demographic Transition, ed. Brändström, A., Tedebrand, L. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International.
Allen, R. 1994. Agriculture during the Industrial Revolution. In The Economic History of Britain since 1700, ed. Floud, R., McCloskey, D. Cambridge University Press.
Allen, R. 2001a. The great divergence in European wages and prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War. Explorations in Economic History 38: 411–477.Google Scholar
Allen, R. 2001b. Wages, prices and living standards: The world-historical perspective. www.economics.ox.ac.uk/Members/robert.allen/WagesPrices.htm.
Allen, R. 2004. Agriculture during the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850. In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, Volume 1, ed. Floud, R., Johnson, P. Cambridge University Press.
Allen, R. 2007. Pessimism preserved: Real wages in the British industrial revolution. Oxford University Department of Economics Working Paper 314.
Allen, R. 2009. The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Almond, D. 2006. Is the 1918 influenza pandemic over? Long-term effects of in-utero influenza exposure in the post-1940 U.S. population. Journal of Political Economy 114: 672–712.Google Scholar
Alter, G. 2004. Height, frailty, and the standard of living: Modeling the effects of diet and disease on declining mortality and increasing height. Population Studies 58: 265–279.Google Scholar
Alter, G., Neven, M., Oris, M. 2004. Stature in transition: A microlevel study from nineteenth-century Belgium. Social Science History 28: 231–247.Google Scholar
Alter, G., Riley, J. 1989. Frailty, sickness and death: Models of morbidity and mortality in historical populations. Population Studies 43: 25–45.Google Scholar
Andersen, O. 1979. The development in Danish mortality. In The Fifth Scandinavian Demographic Symposium, ed. Brunborg, H., Sørenson, K, 9–23. Oslo: Scandinavian Demographic Society.
Angell-Andersen, E., Tretli, S., Bjerknes, R., Forsén, T., Sørensen, T. I., Eriksson, J. G., Räsänen, L., Grotmol, T. 2004. The association between nutritional conditions during World War II and childhood anthropometric variables in the Nordic countries. Annals of Human Biology 31: 342–355.Google Scholar
Antonov, A. 1947. Children born during the siege of Leningrad in 1942. Journal of Pediatrics 30: 250–259.Google Scholar
Appleby, A. 1979. Diet in sixteenth-century England: Sources, problems, possibilities. In Health, Medicine, and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century, ed. Webster, C., 97–116. Cambridge University Press.
Arcaleni, E. 2006. Secular trend and regional differences in the stature of Italians, 1854–1980. Economics and Human Biology 4: 24–38.Google Scholar
Arora, S. 2001. Health, human productivity and long-term economic growth. Journal of Economic History 61: 699–749.Google Scholar
Arora, S. 2005. On epidemiological and economic transitions: A historical view. In Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications, ed. López-Casasnovas, G., Rivera, B., Currais, L., 197–238. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Baird, D. 1974. The epidemiology of low birth weight: Changes in incidence in Aberdeen, 1948–72. Journal of Biological Science 6: 323–341.Google Scholar
Baird, D. 1975. The interplay of changes in society, reproductive habits and obstetric practice in Scotland between 1922 and 1972. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 29: 135–146.Google Scholar
Ballagh, J. 1902. A History of Slavery in Virginia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Barker, D. 1992. Fetal Origins of Adult Disease. London: British Medical Journal.
Barker, D. 1995. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. British Medical Journal 311: 171–174.Google Scholar
Barker, D. 1998. Mothers, Babies, and Health in Later Life. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Barker, D., Clark, P. 1997. Fetal undernutrition and disease in later life. Reviews of Reproduction 2: 105–112.Google Scholar
Barker, D., Eriksson, J., Forsén, T., Osmond, C. 2002. Fetal origins of adult disease: Strength of effects and biological basis. International Journal of Epidemiology 31: 1235–1239.Google Scholar
Barker, D., Osmond, C. 1986. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet 1: 1077–1081.Google Scholar
Barnes, D. 1930. A History of the English Corn Laws from 1660 to 1846. London: George Routledge and Sons.
Barro, R. 1996. Health and economic growth: Paper prepared for the Pan American Health Organisation. www.paho.org/English/HDP/HDD/barro.pdf.
Barry, J. 2005. The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. New York: Penguin.
Baten, J. 1999. Ernährung und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Bayern (1730– 1880). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Baten, J. 2000a. Economic development and the distribution of nutritional resources in Bavaria, 1797–1839: An anthropometric study. Journal of Income Distribution 9: 89–106.Google Scholar
Baten, J. 2000b. Heights and weights in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: An international overview. Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte61–73.Google Scholar
Baten, J. 2001. Climate, grain production and nutritional status in southern Germany during the eighteenth century. Journal of European Economic History 30: 9–47.Google Scholar
Baten, J., Murray, J. 1997. Bastardy in South Germany revisited: An anthropometric synthesis. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28: 47–56.Google Scholar
Baten, J, Murray, J. 2000. Heights of men and women in nineteenth-century Bavaria: Economic, nutritional and disease influences. Explorations in Economic History 37: 351–369.Google Scholar
Batty, G., Shipley, M., Gunnell, D., Huxley, R. 2009. Height, weight and health: An overview with new data from three longitudinal studies. Economics and Human Biology 7: 137–152.Google Scholar
Baxter, J. 1875. Statistics, Medical and Anthropological, of the Provost-Marshall-General's Bureau, Derived from Records of the Examination for Military Service in the Armies of the United States during the Late War of the Rebellion of over a Million Recruits, Drafted Men, Substitutes, and Enrolled Men. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Behrman, J., Alderman, H., Hoddinott, J. 2004. Malnutrition and hunger. In Global Crises, Global Solutions, ed. Lomborg, B. Cambridge University Press.
Bell, F., Millward, R. 1998. Public health expenditures and mortality in England and Wales 1870–1914. Continuity and Change 13: 221–249.Google Scholar
Ben-Shlomo, Y., Kuh, D. 2002. A life-course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and disciplinary perspectives. International Journal of Epidemiology 31: 285–293.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, T., Lindström, M. 2000. Childhood misery and disease in later life: The effects on mortality in old age of hazards experienced in early life, southern Sweden, 1760–1894. Population Studies 54: 263–277.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. 1955. The food economy of the New England Indians, 1605–75. Journal of Political Economy 63: 369–396.Google Scholar
Bennett, M., Pierce, R. 1961. Change in the American national diet, 1879–1959. Food Research Institute Studies 2: 95–119.Google Scholar
Berlanstein, L. 1998. The working people of Paris, 1871–1914. In Classics in Anthropometric History, ed. Komlos, J., Cuff, T., 298–306. St. Katharinen, Germany: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.
Bernard, R. [1969] 1975. Peasant diet in eighteenth-century Gévaudan. In European Diet from Pre-Industrial to Modern Times, ed. Forster, E., Forster, R., 19–46. New York: Harper & Row.
Bidwell, P., Falconer, J. 1941. History of Agriculture in the Northern United States: 1620–1860. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Bielicki, T., Hulanicka, B. 1998. Secular trend in stature and age-at-menarche in Poland. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 263–279. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Björklund, J., Stenlund, H. 1995. Real wages in Sweden, 1870–1950: A study of six industrial branches. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 253–257. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Black, A., Coward, W., Cole, T. J. 1996. Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: An analysis of 574 doubly-labeled water measurements. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50: 72–92.Google Scholar
Blayo, Y. 1975. La mortalité en France de 1740 à 1829. Population 30: 123–142.Google Scholar
Bleakley, H. 2007. Disease and development: Evidence from hookworm eradication in the American south. Quarterly Journal of Economics 122: 73–117.Google Scholar
Blodget, S. 1964. Economica: A Statistical Manual for the United States of America. New York: Kelley.
Bloom, D., Canning, D., Sevilla, J. 2001. The effect of health on economic growth: Theory and evidence. NBER Working Paper 8587.
Blum, J. 1978. The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe. Princeton University Press.
Bodzsár, E. 1998. Secular growth changes in Hungary. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 175–205. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Bok, D. 2010. The Politics of Happiness: What Government can Learn from New Research on Well-Being. Princeton University Press.
Boonen, C. 2004. A European social model: The way forward in health care. World Hospitals and Health Services 40: 46–48.Google Scholar
Bossuyt, N., Gadeyne, S., Deboosere, P., Oyen, H. 2004. Socio-economic inequalities in health expectancy in Belgium. Public Health 118: 3–10.Google Scholar
Botting, B. 1997. Mortality in childhood. In Health Inequalities: Decennial Supplement, ed. Drever, F., Whitehead, M., 83–94. London: The Stationery Office.
Bourgeois-Pichat, J. 1965. The general development of the population of France since the eighteenth century. In Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography, ed. Glass, D., Eversley, D., 476–506. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co.
Boyd, M. 1941. A historical sketch of the prevalence of malaria in North America. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 21: 223–244.Google Scholar
Breakwell, C., Bajekal, M. 2005. Review of sources and methods to monitor healthy life expectancy. Health Statistics Quarterly 26: 17–22.Google Scholar
,British Medical Association. 2003. Childhood Immunisation: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London: British Medical Association. www.bma.org.uk/images/childhoodimm_tcm41–20002.pdf.
,British Nutrition Foundation. 2003. Healthy eating: A whole diet approach. www.nutrition.org.uk/home.asp?siteId=43&sectionId=325&subSectionId= 320&parentSection=299&which=1.
Broad, J. 1999. Parish economies of welfare, 1650–1834. Historical Journal 42: 985–1006.Google Scholar
Brønnum-Hansen, H. 2005. Health expectancy in Denmark, 1987–2000. European Journal of Public Health 15: 20–25.Google Scholar
Brown, J. 1988. Coping with crisis? The diffusion of waterworks in late-nineteenth-century German towns. Journal of Economic History 48: 307–318.Google Scholar
Brown, J. 2000. Economics and infant mortality decline in German towns, 1889–1912: Household behavior and public intervention. In Body and City: Histories of Urban Public Health, ed. Sheard, S., Power, H., 166–193. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Bruland, K. 2004. Industrialisation and technical change. In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, Volume 1, ed. Floud, R., Johnson, P. Cambridge University Press.
Brundtland, G., Liestøl, K., Walløe, L. 1980. Height, weight and menarcheal age of Oslo schoolchildren during the last sixty years. Annals of Human Biology 7: 307–322.Google Scholar
Brunt, L. 2001. The advent of the sample survey in the social sciences. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D (The Statistician) 50: 179–189.Google Scholar
Burgmeijer, R., Wieringen, J. 1998. Secular changes of growth in the Netherlands. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 233–262. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Burnett, J. 1979. Plenty and Want. London: Scholar Press.
Cain, L., Hong, S. C. 2009. Survival in the 19th century cities: The larger the city, the smaller your chances. Explorations in Economic History 46: 450–463.Google Scholar
Cambois, E., Robine, J.-M., Hayward, M. 2001. Social inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in the French male population, 1980–91. Demography 38: 513–524.Google Scholar
Cameron, N. 1979. The growth of London schoolchildren 1904–1966: An analysis of secular trend and intra-county variation. Annals of Human Biology 6: 505–525.Google Scholar
Cameron, N. 2003. Physical growth in a transitional economy: The aftermath of South American apartheid. Economics and Human Biology 1: 29–42.Google Scholar
Carey, J. 2001. Life span: A conceptual overview. In Life Span: Evolutionary, Ecological and Demographic Perspectives, ed. Carey, J., Tuljiapurkar, S. New York: Population Council.
Carr, L. 1992. Emigration and the standard of living: The seventeenth century Chesapeake. Journal of Economic History 52: 271–291.Google Scholar
Carrier, L. 1923. The Beginning of Agriculture in America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Carter, S. 2006. Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Carter, S., Gartner, S., Haines, M., Olmstead, A., Sutch, R., Wright, G. 2006. Historical Statistics of the United States Millennial Edition. http://hsus.cambridge.org/HSUSWeb/HSUSEntryServlet.
Case, A., Paxson, C. 2008. Stature and status: Height, ability, and labour market outcomes. Journal of Political Economy 116: 491–532.Google Scholar
Case, A., Paxson, C. 2009. Early life health and cognitive function in old age. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 992: 104–109.Google Scholar
Caselli, G. 1991. Health transition and cause-specific mortality. In The Decline of Mortality in Europe, ed. Schofield, R., Reher, D., Bideau, A., 68–96. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Caselli, G., Capocaccia, R. 1989. Age, period, cohort and early mortality: An analysis of adult mortality in Italy. Population Studies 43: 133–153.Google Scholar
Caulfield, L., Richard, S., Black, R. 2004. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of malaria morbidity and mortality in children less than five years old. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71: 55–63.Google Scholar
Cavelaars, A., Kunst, A., Geurts, J., Crialesi, R. 2000. Persistant variation in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: An overview of 10 European countries. Annals of Human Biology 27: 407–421.Google Scholar
,Centers for Disease Control. 1999a. CDC on infectious diseases in the United States, 1900–99. Population and Development Review 25: 635–640.Google Scholar
,Centers for Disease Control. 1999b. CDC on vaccines and children's health: United States 1900–98. Population and Development Review 25: 391–395.Google Scholar
,Centers for Disease Control. 2004. Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States 1960–2002. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics 347.Google Scholar
,Centers for Disease Control. 2006. Overweight and obesity. www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/index.htm.
,Centers for Disease Control. 2007a. Deaths: Final data for 2004. National Vital Statistics Report 55: 1–120.Google Scholar
,Centers for Disease Control. 2007b. Trends in tuberculosis incidence: United States, 2006. MMWR 56: 245–250.Google Scholar
,Centers for Disease Control. 2008a. Infant mortality statistics from the 2005 period linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Report 57: 1–32.Google Scholar
,Centers for Disease Control. 2008b. Recent trends in infant mortality in the United States. NCHS Data Brief 9.Google Scholar
,Centers for Disease Control. 2009. U.S. obesity trends. CDC Onlinewww.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html.
Chamla, M. 1983. L'évolution recente de la stature en Europe occidentale (périod 1960–1980). Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthrologie de Paris 10: 195–224.Google Scholar
Chandra, R. 1975. Antibody formation in first and second generation offspring of nutritionally deprived rats. Science 4211: 289–290.Google Scholar
Charlton, J., Murphy, M. 1997. Trends in all-cause mortality: 1841–1994. In The Health of Adult Britain, 1841–1994. Volume 1, Chapters 1–14, ed. Charlton, J., Murphy, M., 30–57. London: Office for National Statistics.
Charlton, J., Quaife, K. 1997. Trends in diet, 1841–1994. In The Health of Adult Britain, 1841–1994. Volume 1. Chapters 1–14, ed. Charlton, J., Murphy, M., 93–113. London: Office for National Statistics.
Chartres, J. 1985. The marketing of agricultural produce. In The Agrarian History of England and Wales. Volume V: 1640–1750; II: Agrarian Change, ed. Thirsk, J., 406–502. Cambridge University Press.
Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., Vaupel, J. 2009. Ageing populations: The challenges ahead. Lancet 374: 1196–1208.Google Scholar
Chrzanowska, M., Koziel, S., Ulijaszek, S. 2007. Changes in BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Cracow, Poland, 1971–2000. Economics and Human Biology 5: 370–378.Google Scholar
,CIA World Factbook. 2010. Available online at www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/.
Cinnirella, F. 2008. Optimists or pessimists? A reconsideration of nutritional status in Britain, 1740–1865. European Review of Economic History 12: 325–354.Google Scholar
Clark, G. 2001. Farm wages and living standards in the industrial revolution, England, 1670–1850. Economic History Review 54: 477–505.Google Scholar
Clark, G. 2005. The condition of the working class in England, 1209–2004. Journal of Political Economy 113: 1307–1340.Google Scholar
Clark, G. 2007. A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press.
Clark, G., Huberman, M., Lindert, P. 1995. A British food puzzle, 1770–1850. Economic History Review 2: 215–237.Google Scholar
Clarkson, L. 1975. Death, Disease, and Famine in Pre-Industrial England. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Coale, A., Demeny, P. 1966. Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Population. Princeton University Press.
Coelho, P., McGuire, R. 1999. Biology, diseases, and economics: An epidemiological history of slavery in the American south. Journal of Bioeconomics 1: 151–190.Google Scholar
Cole, G., Postgate, R. [1938] 1956. The Common People, 1746–1946. London: Methuen.
Cole, T. 2000a. Galton's midparent height revisited. Annals of Human Biology 27: 401–405.Google Scholar
Cole, T. 2000b. Secular trends in growth. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59: 317–324.Google Scholar
Cole, T. 2003. The secular trend in human physical growth: A biological view. Economics and Human Biology 1: 161–168.Google Scholar
Coleman, D., Salt, J. 1992. The British Population: Patterns, Trends and Processes. Oxford University Press.
Colquhoun, P. 1814. Treatise on the Wealth, Power, and Resources of the British Empire. London: Joseph Mawmay.
Cook, D., Strachan, D. 1999. Summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research. Thorax 54: 357–366.Google Scholar
Costa, D. 1993. Height, weight, wartime stress and older-age mortality: Evidence from the Union Army records. Explorations in Economic History 30: 424–449.Google Scholar
Costa, D. 1998a. The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History 1880–1990. University of Chicago Press.
Costa, D. 1998b. Unequal at birth: A long-term comparison of income and birth weight. Journal of Economic History 58: 987–1009.Google Scholar
Costa, D. 2000. Understanding the twentieth-century decline in chronic conditions among older men. Demography 37: 53–72.Google Scholar
Costa, D. 2002. Changing chronic disease rates and long-term declines in functional limitation among older men. Demography 39: 119–137.Google Scholar
Costa, D. 2004. Race and pregnancy outcomes in the twentieth century: A long-term comparison. Journal of Economic History 64: 1056–1086.Google Scholar
Costa, D. 2008. Why were older men in the past in such poor health? In Health in Older Ages: The Causes and Consequences of Declining Disability among the Elderly, ed. Cutler, D., Wise, D. University of Chicago Press.
Costa, D., Steckel, R. 1997. Long-term trends in health, welfare, and economic growth in the United States. In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R. University of Chicago Press.
Costa-Font, J., Gil, J. 2008. Generational effects and gender height dimorphism in contemporary Spain. Economics and Human Biology 6: 1–18.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. 1980. Income elasticities of demand and the release of labor by agriculture during the British industrial revolution. Journal of European Economic History 9: 153–168.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. 1982. Regional price variations in England in 1843: An aspect of the standard-of-living debate. Explorations in Economic History 19: 51–70.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. 1985a. British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution. Oxford University Press.
Crafts, N. 1985b. English workers' living standards during the Industrial Revolution: Some remaining problems. Journal of Economic History 45: 139–144.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. 1997. The human development index and changes in the standard of living: Some historical comparison. European Review of Economic History 1: 299–322.Google Scholar
Crafts, N., Harley, C. 1992. Output growth and the Industrial Revolution: A restatement of the Crafts-Harley view. Economic History Review 45: 703–730.Google Scholar
Craig, L., Goodwin, B., Grennes, T. 2004. The effect of mechanical refrigeration on nutrition in the United States. Social Science History 28: 325–336.Google Scholar
Crawford, S. 1992. The slave family: A view from the slave narratives. In Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel, ed. Goldin, C., Rockoff, H. University of Chicago Press.
Cutler, D. 2001. The reduction in disability among the elderly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 6456–6457.Google Scholar
Cutler, D., Glaeser, E., Shapiro, J. M. 2003. Why have Americans become more obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives 17: 93–118.Google Scholar
Cutler, D., Miller, G. 2005. The role of public health improvements in health advances: The twentieth-century United States. Demography 42: 1–22.Google Scholar
Dalstra, J., Kunst, A., Geurts, J., Frenken, F., Mackenbach, J. 2002. Trends in socio-economic health inequalities in the Netherlands, 1981–99. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 56: 927–934.Google Scholar
Dangour, A., Farmer, A., Hill, H. L., Ismail, S. J. 2003. Anthropometric status of Kazakh children in the 1990s. Economics and Human Biology 1: 43–53.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, P. 1993. An Inquiry into Well-being and Destitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dasgupta, P. 1997. Nutritional status, the capacity for work, and poverty traps. Journal of Econometrics 77: 5–37.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, P., Ray, D. 1990. Adapting to undernourishment: The biological evidence and its implications. In The Political Economy of Hunger. Volume 1: Entitlement and Well-Being, ed. Drèze, J., Sen, A., 191–246. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dasgupta, P., Weale, M. 1992. On measuring the quality of life. World Development 20: 119–131.Google Scholar
Davey Smith, G., Gunnell, D., Ben-Shlomo, Y. 2001. Life-course approaches to socio-economic differentials in cause-specific adult mortality. In Poverty, Inequality and Health: An International Perspective, ed. Leon, D., Walt, G., 88–124. Oxford University Press.
Davey Smith, G., Hart, C., Upton, M., Hole, D., Gillis, C., Watt, G., Hawthorne, V. 2000. Height and risk of death among men and women: Aetiological implications for associations with cardiorespiratory disease and cancer mortality. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 54: 97–103.Google Scholar
Davidson, S., Passmore, R., Brock, J. F., Truswell, A. S. 1979. Human Nutrition and Dietetics, seventh edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Davies, D. 1795. The Case of Labourers in Husbandry Stated and Considered.
Beer, H. 2004. Observations on the history of Dutch physical stature from the late-Middle Ages to the present. Economics and Human Biology 2: 45–55.Google Scholar
Vries, J. 1976. The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600–1750. Cambridge University Press.
Vries, J. 1984. European Urbanisation, 1500–1800. London: Methuen.
Vries, J. 1994. The industrial revolution and the industrious revolution. Journal of Economic History 54: 249–270.Google Scholar
Vries, J. 2008. The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present. Cambridge University Press.
Deane, P., Cole, A. 1967. British Economic Growth, 1688–1959: Trends and Structure. Cambridge University Press.
Del Panta, L. 1997. Infant and child mortality in Italy, eighteenth to twentieth century: Long-term trends and territorial differences. In Infant and Child Mortality in the Past, ed. Bideau, A., Desjardins, B., Brignoli, H., 7–21. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Demoulin, F. 1998. Secular trend in Europe. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 109–134. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
,Department for Work and Pensions. 2002. Simplicity, Security and Choice: Working and Saving for Retirement (Cm. 5677). London: HMSO.
,Department for Work and Pensions. 2006. Security in Retirement: Towards a New Pension System: Summary. London: HMSO.
,Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2001. Household consumption of selected foods by income group of head-of-household (GB). https://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/publications/nfs/default.asp.
,Department of Health. 2004. Health Survey for England 2003: Trends. www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/PublishedSurvey/HealthSurveyForEngland/Healthsurveyresults/DH_4098913.
,Department of Health. 2006. Forecasting Obesity to 2010. London: Department of Health.
Doblhammer, G., Kytir, K. 2001. Compression or expansion of morbidity? Trends in healthy-life expectancy in the elderly Austrian population between 1978 and 1998. Social Science and Medicine 52: 385–391.Google Scholar
Dobson, M. 1997. Contours of Death and Disease in Early-Modern England. Cambridge University Press.
Doll, R., Hill, A. 1950. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung: Preliminary report. British Medical Journal 221: 739–748.Google Scholar
Dowler, E., Seo, Y. 1985. Estimates of food supply v. measurement of food consumption. Food Policy 10: 278–288.Google Scholar
Drabble, M. 1985. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford University Press.
Drake, M. 1969. Population and Society in Norway, 1735–1865. Cambridge University Press.
Drukker, J., Tassenaar, V. 1997. Paradoxes of modernisation and material well-being in the Netherlands during the nineteenth century. In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R. University of Chicago Press.
Drummond, J., Wilbraham, A. 1958. The Englishman's Food: A History of Five Centuries of English Diet. London: Jonathan Cape.
Duffy, J. 1971. Epidemics in Colonial America. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Dunnell, K. 1997. Are we healthier? In The Health of Adult Britain 1841–1994. Volume 2, Chapters 15–27, ed. Charlton, J., Murphy, M., 173–181. London: Office for National Statistics.
Dupâquier, J. 1979. La Population Française aux xviie et xviiie Siècles. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Dupâquier, J. 1989. Demographic crises and subsidence crises in France, 1650–1725. In Famine, Disease, and the Social Order in Early Modern Society, ed. Walter, J., Schofield, R. Cambridge University Press.
Durnin, J., Passmore, R. 1967. Energy, Work, and Leisure. London: Heinemann.
Dyer, C. 1983. English diet in the later Middle Ages. In Social Relations and Ideals: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton, ed. Aston, T., Cross, P., Dyer, C., 191–216. Cambridge University Press.
Eden, F. 1797. The State of the Poor (three volumes). Reprinted 1954.
Edwards, C., Gorsky, M., Harris, B., Hinde, P. R. A. 2003. Sickness, insurance and health: Assessing trends in morbidity through friendly society records. Annales de Démographie Historique 1: 131–167.Google Scholar
Elstad, J. 2005. Childhood adversities and health variations among middle-aged men: A retrospective life-course study. European Journal of Public Health 15: 51–58.Google Scholar
Eltis, D. 1982. Nutritional trends in Africa and the Americas: Heights of the Africans, 1819–1839. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 12: 453–475.Google Scholar
Emery, H. 1998. Review of James C. Riley, “Sick, not Dead: The Health of British Workingmen during the Mortality Decline.” EH Net, H-Net Reviews, July 1998www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=17775899999635.
Engerman, S. 1997. The standard of living debate in international perspective; measures and indicators. In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R. University of Chicago Press.
Eveleth, P., Tanner, J. 1976. Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. Cambridge University Press.
Eveleth, P, Tanner, J. 1990. Worldwide Variation in Human Growth, second edition. Cambridge University Press.
,FAO. 1977. The Fourth World Food Survey: FAO Food and Nutrition Series no. 10. Rome: FAO.
,FAO. 1983. A Comparative Study of Food Consumption Data from Food Balance Sheets and Household Surveys. Statistics Division, Economic and Social Development Paper 34. Rome: FAO.
,FAO. 2010. FAO Country Profiles. www.fao.org/countryprofiles/default.asp?lang=en.
,FAO/WHO. 1971. Energy and Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Ad-Hoc Expert Committee. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series no. 52. WHO Technical Report Series no. 522. Rome: FAO/WHO.
,FAO/WHO/UNU. 1985. Energy and Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series no. 724. Geneva: WHO.
,FAO/WHO/UNU. 2002. Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements. Meeting EPR 81/8 of 2002.
,FAOSTAT Consumption Database. http://faostat.fao.org/site/345/default.aspx.
Federico, G. 2003. Heights, calories and welfare: A new perspective on Italian industrialisation, 1854–1913. Economics and Human Biology 1: 289–308.Google Scholar
Feinstein, C. 1995. United Kingdom, 1780–1990. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 258–266. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Feinstein, C. 1998. Pessimism perpetuated: Real wages and the standard of living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution. Journal of Economic History 58: 625–658.Google Scholar
Finch, C., Crimmins, E. 2004. Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life spans. Science 305: 1736–1739.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, E., Ruhm, C., Kosa, K. M. 2005. Economic causes and consequences of obesity. Annual Review of Public Health 26: 239–257.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, R., Chandola, T. 2000. Health. In Twentieth-Century British Social Trends, ed. Halsey, A., Webb, J., 94–127. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Flinn, M. 1965. Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain by Edwin Chadwick, 1842. Edinburgh University Press.
Flinn, M. 1974. The stabilization of mortality in pre-industrial western Europe. Journal of European Economic History 3: 285–318.Google Scholar
Flinn, M. 1981. The European Demographic System, 1500–1820. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Flora, P., Alber, J. 1982. Modernisation, democratisation and the development of welfare states in western Europe. In The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America, ed. Flora, P., Heidenheimer, A., 37–80. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
Flora, P., Kraus, F., Pfenning, W. 1987. State, Economy and Society in Western Europe, 1815–75: A Data Handbook in Two Volumes. Volume II: The Growth of Industrial Societies and Capitalist Economies. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
Floris, G., Sanna, E. 1998. Some aspects of secular trends in Italy. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Floud, R. 1984. Measuring the transformation of the European economies. Centre for Economic Policy Research Working Paper 33.
Floud, R. 1994. The heights of Europeans since 1750: A new source for European economic history. In Stature, Living Standards and Economic Development: Essays in Anthropometric History, ed. Komlos, J. University of Chicago Press.
Floud, R. 1998. Height, weight, and body mass of the British population since 1820. National Bureau of Economic Research Historical Paper 108.
Floud, R., Harris, B. 1997. Health, height and welfare: Britain 1700–1980. In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R., 91–126. University of Chicago Press.
Floud, R., Wachter, K. 1982. Poverty and physical stature: Evidence on the standard of living of London boys 1770–1870. Social Science History 6: 422–452.Google Scholar
Floud, R., Wachter, K., Gregory, A. 1990. Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom, 1750–1980. Cambridge University Press.
Floud, R., Wachter, K., Gregory, A. 1993. Measuring historical heights: Short cuts or the long way round: A reply to Komlos. Economic History Review 46: 145–154.Google Scholar
Flynn, J. 2009. Requiem for nutrition as the cause of IQ gains: Raven's gains in Britain 1838–2008. Economics and Human Biology 7: 18–27.Google Scholar
Fogel, R. 1964. Railroads and American Economic Growth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Fogel, R. 1986a. Long-term changes in nutrition and the standard of living. Presented at Research topics for section B7 of the Ninth International Economic History Congress, Berne, Switzerland.
Fogel, R. 1986b. Nutrition and decline in mortality since 1700: Some preliminary findings. In Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth, ed. Engerman, S., Gallman, R. University of Chicago Press (for NBER).
Fogel, R. 1987. Biomedical approaches to the estimation and interpretation of secular trends in equity, morbidity, mortality, and labor productivity in Europe, 1750–1980. Typescript, Center for Population Economics, University of Chicago.
Fogel, R. 1989. Without Consent or Contract, Volume 1. New York: W.W. Norton.
Fogel, R. 1991. The conquest of high mortality and hunger in Europe and America: Timing and mechanisms. In Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution, ed. Landes, D., Higgonet, P., Rosovsky, H. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Fogel, R. 1992a. The body mass index of adult male slaves in the U.S. c. 1836 and its bearing on mortality rates. In Without Consent or Contract, Volume 2, ed. Fogel, R., Galantine, R., Manning, R. New York: W.W. Norton.
Fogel, R. 1992b. Egalitarianism: The economic revolution of the twentieth century. Typescript, Center for Population Economics, University of Chicago.
Fogel, R. 1992c. Second thoughts on the European escape from hunger: Famines, chronic malnutrition, and mortality rates. In Nutrition and Poverty, ed. Osmani, S. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Fogel, R. 1993a. A comparison of biomedical and economic measures of egalitarianism: Some implications of secular trends for current policy. Presented at the Workshop on Economic Theories of Inequality, Stanford University, March 11–13.
Fogel, R. 1993b. New sources and new techniques for the study of secular trends in nutritional status, health, mortality, and the process of aging. Historical Methods 26: 5–43.Google Scholar
Fogel, R. 1994. Economic growth, population theory, and physiology: The bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy. American Economic Review 84: 369–395.Google Scholar
Fogel, R. 1997. New findings on secular trends in nutrition and mortality: Some implications for population theory. In Handbook of Population and Family Economics Volume 1A, ed. Rosenzweig, M., Stark, O., 435–486. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Fogel, R. 2000. The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism. University of Chicago Press.
Fogel, R. 2004a. Changes in the process of aging during the twentieth century: Findings and procedures of the Early Indicators project. Population and Development Review 30 (suppl.): 19–47.Google Scholar
Fogel, R. 2004b. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. Cambridge University Press.
Fogel, R. 2004c. Technophysio evolution and the measurement of economic growth. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 14: 217–221.Google Scholar
Fogel, R. 2008. Forecasting the cost of U.S. health care in 2040. NBER Working Paper 14361.
Fogel, R., Costa, D. 1997. A theory of technophysio evolution, with some implications for forecasting population, health care costs and pension costs. Demography 34: 49–66.Google Scholar
Fogel, R., Costa, D., Burton, J. 2008. Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease, and Death (Grant application submitted to the National Institute on Aging).
Fogel, R., Costa, D., Kim, J. M. 1993. Secular trends in the distribution of chronic conditions and disabilities at young adult and late ages, 1860–1988: Some preliminary findings. Presented at NBER Summer Institute, Economics of Aging Program.
Fogel, R., Engerman, S. 1974a. Time on the Cross: Evidence and Methods, A Supplement. Boston: Little, Brown.
Fogel, R., Engerman, S. 1974b. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little, Brown.
Fogel, R., Engerman, S. 1992. The slave diet on large plantations in 1860. In Without Consent or Contract: Evidence and Methods, ed. Fogel, R., Galantine, R., Manning, R. New York: W.W. Norton.
Fogel, R., Engerman, S., Floud, R. C., Friedman, G., Margo, R. A., Sokoloff, K., Steckel, R. H., Trussell, T. J., Villaflor, G. A., Wachter, K. W. 1983. Secular changes in American and British stature and nutrition. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14: 445–481.Google Scholar
Fogel, R., Galantine, R., Manning, R. L. 1992. Without Consent or Contract, Volume 2, Evidence and Methods. New York: W.W. Norton.
,Food and Nutrition Research Institute. 2003. Philippine facts and figures: Part II. Anthropometric facts and figures. www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/files/fnri%20files/nns/factsandfigures2003/anthropometric.pdf.
Franklin, J. 1969. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
Fraser, P., Fleming, D., Murphy, M., Charlton, J., Gill, L., Goldacre, M. 1997. Morbidity statistics from health service utilisation. In The Health of Adult Britain 1841–1994. Volume 1. Chapters 1–14, ed. Charlton, J., Murphy, M., 58–73. London: Office for National Statistics.
Fredriks, A., Buren, S., Burgmeijer, R., Meulmeester, J., Beuker, R., Brugman, E., Roede, M. J., Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P., Wilt, J. M. 2000. Continuing positive secular growth change in the Netherlands, 1955–97. Pediatric Research 47: 316–323.Google Scholar
Freeman, J., Cole, T., Chinn, S., Jones, P., White, E., Preece, M. 1995. Cross-sectional stature and weight reference curves for the UK, 1990. Archives of Disease in Childhood 73: 17–24.Google Scholar
Fridlizius, G. 1989. The deformation of cohorts: Nineteenth-century mortality decline in a generational perspective. Scandinavian Economic History Review/Economy and Society 37: 3–17.Google Scholar
Frijhoff, W., Julia, D. 1979. The diet in boarding schools at the end of the ancién regime. In Food and Drink in History: Selections from the Annales Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, Volume 5, ed. Forster, R., Ranum, O. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Galeson, D. W. 2000. The settlement and growth of the colonies: Population, labor, and economic development. In The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Volume 1: The Colonial Era, ed. Engerman, S., Gallman, R., 207–243. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gallman, R. 1960. Commodity output, 1839–1899. In Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Parker, W., 13–71. Princeton University Press.
Gallman, R. 1971. The statistical approach: Fundamental concepts applied to history. In Approaches to American Economic History, ed. Taylor, G., Ellsworth, L., 63–86. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Gallman, R. 1995. Pork production and nutrition during the late nineteenth century: A weight issue visited yet again. Agricultural History 69: 592–606.Google Scholar
Gallman, R. 1996. Dietary change in antebellum America. Journal of Economic History 56: 193–201.Google Scholar
Galloway, P. 1986. Differentials in demographic responses to annual price variations in pre-revolutionary France: A comparison of rich and poor areas in Rouen, 1681–1787. European Journal of Population 2: 269–305.Google Scholar
Galobardes, B., Lynch, J., Davey Smith, G. 2004. Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: Systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiologic Reviews 26: 7–21.Google Scholar
Galobardes, B., Lynch, J., Davey Smith, G. 2008. Is the association between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality established? Update of a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 62: 387–390.Google Scholar
Garcia, J., Quintana-Domeque, C. 2007. The evolution of adult height in Europe: A brief note. Economics and Human Biology 5: 340–349.Google Scholar
,General Register Office. 1953. The Registrar-General's Statistical Review of England and Wales for the Year 1949. Supplement on General Morbidity, Cancer and Mental Health. London: HMSO.
Goldin, C., Margo, R. 1989. The poor at birth: Birth weights and infant mortality at Philadelphia's almshouse hospital, 1848–1873. Explorations in Economic History 26: 360–379.Google Scholar
Gorsky, M., Harris, B., Hinde, P. R. A. 2004. Health and sickness in the late-nineteenth and twentieth centuries: The Hampshire Friendly Society and its records. Presented at Economic History Society Conference, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, London.
Goubert, P. 1973. The Ancien Régime. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Gould, B. 1869. Investigations in the Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers. Cambridge University Press.
Grantham, G. 1992. Urban provisioning zones before the industrial revolution. Photocopy, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and McGill University.
Grantham, G. 1993. Divisions of labour: Agricultural productivity and occupation specialization in pre-industrial Europe. Economic History Review 46: 478–502.Google Scholar
Grigg, D. 1995. The nutritional transition in western Europe. Journal of Historical Geography 21: 247–261.Google Scholar
Groenewegen, P., Westert, G., Boshuizen, H. 2003. Regional differences in healthy life expectancy in the Netherlands. Public Health 117: 424–429.Google Scholar
Gruenberg, E. 1977. The failures of success. Milbank Quarterly 55: 3–24.Google Scholar
Grundy, E. 1994. The health and health care of older adults in England and Wales, 1841–1994. In The Health of Adult Britain 1841–1994. Volume 2. Chapter 15–27, ed. Charlton, J., Murphy, M., 182–203. London: Office for National Statistics.
Gunnell, D., Whitley, E., Upton, M. N., McConnachie, A., Davey Smith, G. 2003. Associations of height, leg-length and lung function with cardiovascular risk factors in the Midspan Family Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 57.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez-Fisac, J., Gispert, R., Solà, J. 2000. Factors explaining the geographical differences in disability-free life expectancy in Spain. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 54: 451–455.Google Scholar
Haines, M. 1979. The use of model life tables to estimate mortality for the United States in the late-nineteenth century. Demography 16: 289–312.Google Scholar
Haines, M., Craig, L., Weiss, T. 2003. The short and the dead: A new look at the “antebellum puzzle” in the United States. Journal of Economic History 63: 385–415.Google Scholar
Harding, S., Bethune, A., Maxwell, R., Brown, J. 1997. Mortality trends using the longitudinal study. In Health Inequalities: Decennial Supplement, ed. Drever, F., Whitehead, M., 143–155. London: The Stationery Office.
Hardy, A. 2001. Health and Medicine in Britain since 1860. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Harris, B. 1993. The demographic impact of the first World War: An anthropometric perspective. Social History of Medicine 6: 343–366.Google Scholar
Harris, B. 1994. Health, height and history: An overview of recent developments in anthropometric history. Social History of Medicine 7: 297–320.Google Scholar
Harris, B. 1995. The Health of the Schoolchild: A History of the School Medical Service in England and Wales. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Harris, B. 1997a. Growing taller, living longer? Anthropometric history and the future of old age. Ageing and Society 17: 491–512.Google Scholar
Harris, B. 1997b. Heights and weights of British schoolchildren, 1908–50. Computer file. UK Data Archive, March 1997: SN: 3546.
Harris, B. 1998. Gender, height and mortality in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain: Some preliminary reflections. In The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective, ed. Komlos, J., Baten, J., 413–448. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Harris, B. 2000. Height and nutrition. In The Cambridge World History of Food, ed. Kiple, K., Ornelas, K., 1427–1438. Cambridge University Press.
Harris, B. 2001. “The child is the father to the man.” The relationship between child health and adult mortality in the 19th and 20th centuries. International Journal of Epidemiology 30: 688–696.Google Scholar
Harris, B. 2004a. The Origins of the British Welfare State: Society, State and Social Welfare in England and Wales, 1800–1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Harris, B. 2004b. Public health, nutrition and the decline of mortality: The McKeown thesis revisited. Social History of Medicine 17: 379–407.Google Scholar
Harris, B. 2008. Gender, health and welfare in England and Wales since industrialization. Research in Economic History 26: 157–204.Google Scholar
Harris, B. 2009. Anthropometric history, gender and the measurement of wellbeing. In Gender and Wellbeing in Europe: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Harris, B., Gálvez, L., Machado, H., 59–84. Farnham: Ashgate.
Harris, B., Gálvez, L., Machado, H., eds. 2009. Gender and Well-Being in Europe: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
Harris, B., Hinde, P., Gorsky, M. 2009. The Health and Morbidity of Friendly Society Members in the Late-Nineteenth and Twentieth Century: Full Research Report ESRC End of Award Report, RES-062-23-0324. Swindon: ESRC.
Hassan, J. 1985. The growth and impact of the British water industry in the nineteenth century. Economic History Review 38: 531–547.Google Scholar
Hattersley, L. 1997. Expectation of life by social class. In Health Inequalities: Decennial Supplement, ed. Drever, F., Whitehead, M., 73–82. London: The Stationery Office.
Hauspie, R., Vercauteren, M., Susanne, C. 1997. Secular change in growth and maturation: An update. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Supplement 423: 20–27.Google Scholar
Heckscher, E. 1954. An Economic History of Sweden. Cambridge University Press.
Heintel, M., Sandberg, L., Steckel, R. H. 1998. Swedish historical heights revisited: New estimation techniques and results. In The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective, ed. Komlos, J., Baten, J., 449–458. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Heirmeyer, M. 2009. Height and BMI values of German conscripts in 2000, 2001 and 1906. Economics and Human Biology 7: 366–375.Google Scholar
Hémardinquer, J. 1970. Pour une Histoire de L'alimentation. Paris: Colon.
Hennock, E. 1957. Urban sanitary reform a generation before Chadwick?Economic History Review 10: 113–120.Google Scholar
Hennock, E. 2000. The urban sanitary movement in England and Germany, 1838–1914: A comparison. Continuity and Change 15: 269–296.Google Scholar
Henry, L. 1987. Mortalité des hommes et des femmes dans le passe. Annales de Démographie Historique87–118.
Hermanussen, M., Burmeister, J., Burkhardt, V. 1995. Stature and stature distribution in recent West German and historic samples of Italian and Dutch conscripts. American Journal of Human Biology 7: 507–515.Google Scholar
Heyberger, L. 2007. Toward an anthropometric history of provincial France, 1780–1920. Economics and Human Biology 7: 366–375.Google Scholar
Higman, B. 1984. Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807–1834. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Himmelfarb, G. 1983. The Idea of Poverty: England in the Early Industrial Age. New York: Random House.
Hobsbawm, E. 1963. The standard of living during the Industrial Revolution: A discussion. Economic History Review 16: 120–148.Google Scholar
Hodne, F., Grytte, O., Alme, J. 1995. Norway, 1850–1950. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 238–248. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Hoffman, P. 1988. Institutions and agriculture in Old Regime France. Politics and Society 16: 241–264.Google Scholar
Hoffman, P. 1991. Land rents and agricultural productivity: The Paris Basin, 1450–1789. Journal of Economic History 51: 771–805.Google Scholar
Hoffman, P. 1998. Agricultural productivity and the food supply in France, 1500–1815. In The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective, ed. Komlos, J., Baten, J., 509–525. Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag.
Hofsten, E., Lundström, H. 1976. Swedish Population Theory: Main Trends from 1750 to 1970. Stockholm: Norstedts Tryckeri.
Hohls, R. 1995. Germany, 1850–1985. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 210–219. Aldershot: Edward Alder.
Holderness, B. 1989. Prices, productivity, and output. In Agrarian History of England and Wales VI: 1750–1850, ed. Mingay, G., 84–189. Cambridge University Press.
Hong, S. C. 2007a. The burden of early exposure to malaria in the United States, 1850–1860: Malnutrition and immune disorders. Journal of Economic History 67: 1001–1035.Google Scholar
Hong, S. C. 2007b. The health and economic burdens of malaria: The American case. Dissertation, University of Chicago.
Horrell, S., Humphries, J., Voth, H.-J. 2001. Destined for deprivation: Human capital formation and intergenerational poverty in nineteenth-century England. Explorations in Economic History 38: 339–365.Google Scholar
Horrell, S., Meredith, D., Oxley, D. 2009. Measuring misery: Body mass, ageing and gender inequality in Victorian London. Explorations in Economic History 46: 93–119.Google Scholar
Hoskins, W. 1964. Harvest fluctuations and English economic history, 1480–1619. Agricultural History Review 12.Google Scholar
Hoskins, W. 1968. Harvest fluctuations and English economic history, 1620–1759. Agricultural History Review 16: 15–31.Google Scholar
Hubbard, W. 2000. The urban penalty: Towns and mortality in nineteenth-century Norway. Continuity and Change 15: 331–350.Google Scholar
Hufton, O. 1974. The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hufton, O. 1983. Social conflict and the grain supply in eighteenth-century France. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14: 303–331.Google Scholar
Humphreys, M. 2001. Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Humphries, J. 1991. “Bread and a pennyworth of treacle”: Excess female mortality in England in the 1840s. Cambridge Journal of Economics 15: 451–473.Google Scholar
Humphries, J. 2010. Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
Imhof, A. 1981. Women, family and death: Excess mortality of women in child-bearing age in four communities in nineteenth-century Germany. In The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Germany, ed. Evans, R., Lee, W., 148–174. London: Croom Helm.
Imhof, A. 1990. Lebenserwartungen in Deutschland vom 17. bis 19. Jahrhundert (Life Expectancies in Germany from the 17th to the 19th Century). Weinheim: VCH, Acta Humaniora.
Imhof, A. 1994. Lebenserwartungen in Deutschland, Norwegen und Schweden im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
,INED. 1977. Sixième rapport sur la situation démographique de la France. Population 32: 253–338.Google Scholar
,Instituto Nacional de Salud (Peru). 2006. Reporte Epidemiologico INS 2006. www.ins.gob.pe/insvirtual/images/boletin/pdf/reporteepidemiologico INS2006–22.pdf.
,International Obesity Taskforce. 2002. Obesity in Europe: The Case for Action. London: International Obesity Taskforce.
Jablonski, M., Rosenblum, L., Kunze, K. 1988. Productivity, age, and labor composition changes in the U.S. Monthly Labor Review 111.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. 1996. The heights of rural-born English female convicts transported to New South Wales. Economic History Review 49: 584–590.Google Scholar
Jaeger, U. 1998. Secular trend in Germany. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
James, W. 2008. The epidemiology of obesity: The size of the problem. Journal of Internal Medicine 263: 336–352.Google Scholar
Jamison, D., Lau, L., Wiang, J. 2004. Health's contribution to economic growth in an environment of partially-endogenous technical progress. Disease Control Priorities Project 10.
Jamison, D., Lau, L, Wiang, J. 2005. Health's contribution to economic growth in an environment of partially-endogenous technical progress. In Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications, ed. López-Casasnovas, G., Rivera, B., Currais, L., 67–91. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Janssen, F., Kunst, A. 2005. Cohort patterns in mortality trends among the elderly in seven European countries, 1950–1999. International Journal of Epidemiology 34: 1149–1159.Google Scholar
Johannisson, K. 1994. The people's health: Public health policies in Sweden. In The History of Public Health and the Modern State, ed. Porter, D., 165–182. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Johansson, S. 1991. The health transition: The cultural inflation of morbidity during the decline of mortality. Health Transition Review 1: 39–65.Google Scholar
Johansson, S. 1992. Measuring the cultural inflation of morbidity during the decline in mortality. Health Transition Review 2: 77–87.Google Scholar
Johansson, S. 1994. Food for thought: Rhetoric and reality in modern mortality history. Historical Methods 27: 101–125.Google Scholar
John, A. 1989. Statistical appendix. In The Agrarian History of England and Wales. Vol. VI. 1750–1850, ed. Mingay, G., 973–1131. Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, D. 2000. Population, food, and knowledge. American Economic Review 90: 1–14.Google Scholar
Johnson, P., Nicholas, S. 1995. Male and female living standard in England and Wales 1812–57: Evidence from criminal height records. Economic History Review 48: 470–481.Google Scholar
Johnson, P., Nicholas, S. 1997. Health and welfare of women in the United Kingdom 1785–1920. In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R., 201–249. University of Chicago Press.
Johnston, L., Williamson, S. 2008. What was the U.S. GDP then? Available online at www.measuringworth.org/usgdp/.
Jones, E., Falkus, M. 1990. Urban improvement and the English economy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In The Eighteenth Century Town: A Reader in English Urban History 1688–1820, ed. Borsay, P., 116–158. London and New York: Longman.
Jones, M. 1992. American Immigration. University of Chicago Press.
Jones, P. 1988. The Peasantry in the French Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, S. 2000. Almost Like a Whale: The Origin of Species Updated. London: Anchor.
Jousilahti, P., Tuomilehto, J., Vartiainen, E., Eriksson, J., Puska, P. 2000. Relation of adult height to cause-specific and total mortality: A prospective follow-up study of 31,199 middle-aged men and women in Finland. American Journal of Epidemiology 151: 1112–1120.Google Scholar
Kajantie, E., Osmond, C., Barker, D., Forsén, T., Phillips, D., Eriksson, J. 2005. Size at birth as a predictor of mortality in adulthood: A follow-up of 350,000 person-years. International Journal of Epidemiology 34: 655–663.Google Scholar
Kalėdienė, R., Petrauskienė, J. 2004. Healthy life expectancy – An important indicator for health policy development in Lithuania. Medicina (Kaunas) 40: 582–588.Google Scholar
Kamadjey, R., Edwards, R., Atanga, J. S., Kiawi, E. C., Unwin, N., Mbanya, J. C. 2006. Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: An update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey. BMC Public Health 6: 228.Google Scholar
Karlberg, J. 1989. A biologically-oriented mathematical model (ICP) for human growth. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Supplement 350: 70–94.Google Scholar
Karpinos, B. 1958. Height and weight of selective service registrants processed for military service WWII. Human Biology 40: 292–321.Google Scholar
Kearns, G. 1988. The urban penalty and the population history of England. In Society, Health, and Population during the Demographic Transition, ed. Brandström, A., Tedebrand, L.-G., 213–236. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wisksell International.
Kermack, W., McKendrick, A., McKinlay, P. L. 1934. Death rates in Great Britain and Sweden: Some general regularities and their significance. Lancet 1: 698–703.Google Scholar
Kiil, V. 1939. Stature and Growth of Norwegian Men during the Past Two Hundred Years. Oslo: I Kommisjon Hos. Jacob Dybwad.
Kim, J. 1993. Waaler surfaces: A new perspective on height, weight, morbidity, and mortality. Typescript, University of Chicago.
Kim, J. 1995. The health of the elderly, 1990–2035: An alternative forecasting approach based on changes in human physiology, with implications for health care costs and policy. Typescript, University of Chicago.
Kim, J. 1996. Waaler surfaces: The economics of nutrition, body build, and health. Dissertation, University of Chicago.
Kimhi, A. 2003. Socio-economic determinants of health and physical fitness in southern Ethiopia. Economics and Human Biology 1: 55–75.Google Scholar
King, G. (1696) 1973. Natural and political observations and conclusions upon the state and condition of England, 1696. In The Earliest Classics, ed. Laslett, P.Farnsborough: Gregg.
King, P. 1991. Customary rights and women's earnings: the importance of gleaning to the rural labouring poor, 1750–1850. Economic History Review 44: 461–76.Google Scholar
King, S., Tomkins, A., eds. 2003. The Poor in England 1750–1850: An Economy of Makeshifts. Manchester University Press.
Klasen, S. 1998. Marriage, bargaining and intrahousehold resource allocation: Excess female mortality among adults during early German development, 1740–1860. Journal of Economic History 58: 432–467.Google Scholar
Knight, I., Eldridge, J. 1984. The Heights and Weights of Adults in Great Britain: Report of a Survey Carried Out on the Behalf of the Department of Health and Social Security among Adults aged 16–64. London: HMSO.
Komlos, J. 1987. The height and weight of West Point cadets: Dietary change in antebellum America. Journal of Economic History 47: 897–927.Google Scholar
Komlos, J. 1989. Nutrition and Economic Development in the Eighteenth Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History. Princeton University Press.
Komlos, J. 1990. Stature, nutrition and the economy in the eighteenth-century Habsburg monarchy. Dissertation, University of Chicago.
Komlos, J. 1991. On the significance of anthropometric history. Revista di Storia Economica 11: 97–109.Google Scholar
Komlos, J. 1993a. Further thoughts on the nutritional status of the British population. Economic History Review 46: 363–366.Google Scholar
Komlos, J. 1993b. The secular trend in the biological standard of living in the United Kingdom, 1730–1860. Economic History Review 46: 115–144.Google Scholar
Komlos, J. 1994. The nutritional status of French students. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24: 493–508.Google Scholar
Komlos, J. 2003. An anthropometric history of early-modern France. European Review of Economic History 7: 159–189.Google Scholar
Komlos, J. 2004. How to (and how not to) analyze deficient height samples: An introduction. Historical Methods 37: 160–173.Google Scholar
Komlos, J. 2007. Anthropometric evidence on economic growth, biological well-being and regional convergence in the Hapsburg monarchy, c. 1850–1910. Cliometrica 1: 211–237.Google Scholar
Komlos, J., Baten, J., eds. 1998. The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Komlos, J., Baur, M. 2004. From the tallest to (one of) the fattest: The enigmatic fate of the American population in the 20th century. Economics and Human Biology 2: 57–74.Google Scholar
Komlos, J., Coclanis, P. 1997. On the puzzling cycle in the biological standard of living: The case of antebellum Georgia. Explorations in Economic History 34: 433–459.Google Scholar
Komlos, J., Cuff, T., eds. 1998. Classics in Anthropometric History. St. Katharinen, Germany: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.
Komlos, J., Kim, J. 1990. Estimating trends in historical heights. Historical Methods 23: 116–120.Google Scholar
Kramer, M. 1987. Determinants of low birth weight: Methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 65 663–737.Google Scholar
Kuh, D., Hardy, R., Langenberg, C., Richards, M., Wadsworth, M. E. J. 2002. Mortality in adults aged 26–54 years related to socioeconomic conditions in childhood and adulthood: Post war birth cohort study. British Medical Journal 325: 1076–1080.Google Scholar
Kunitz, S. 2007. The Health of Populations: General Theories and Particular Realities. Oxford University Press.
Kunitz, S., Engerman, S. 1992. The ranks of death: Secular trends in income and mortality. Health Transition Review 2: 29–46.Google Scholar
Kuznets, S. 1966. Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Labrousse, C. 1944. La Crise de L'économie Française a la Fin de L'ancien Régime et au Debut de la Révolution. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Lader, D. 2009. Drinking: Adults' Behavior and Knowledge in 2008: A Report on Research using the National Statistics Opinions (Omnibus) Survey Produced on Behalf of the NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Newport: Office for National Statistics.
,Lancet. 2001. An overstretched hypothesis?Lancet 357: 405.Google Scholar
Landers, J. 1993. Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London 1670–1830. Cambridge University Press.
Landers, J. 2000. Review article. Continuity and Change 15: 466–468.Google Scholar
Landes, D. 1969. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge University Press.
Laslett, P. 1971. The World We Have Lost. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.
Law, C. 1967. The growth of urban population in England and Wales, 1801–1911. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 41: 125–143.Google Scholar
Layard, R. 2006. Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. London: Penguin.
Roy Ladurie, E. 1979a. The conscripts of 1868: A study of the correlation between geographical mobility, delinquency and physical stature, and other aspects of the situation of young Frenchmen called to do military service in that year. In The Territory of the Historian, ed. Roy Ladurie, E., 33–60. Brighton: Harvester Press.
Roy Lauderie, E. 1979b. The Territory of the Historian. Great Britain: Redwood Burn.
Lee, C. 2005. Wealth accumulation and the health of Union Army veterans, 1860–1870. Journal of Economic History 65: 352–385.Google Scholar
Lee, K.-S. 2007. Infant mortality decline in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: The role of market milk. Perspective in Biology and Medicine 50: 585–602.Google Scholar
Lee, W. 1979. Germany. In European Demography and Economic Growth, ed. Lee, W., 144–195. London: Croom Helm.
Lee, W., Vögele, J. 2001. The benefits of federalism? The development of public health policy and health care systems in nineteenth-century Germany and their impact on mortality reduction. Annales de Démographie Historique 1: 65–96.Google Scholar
Leon, D. 2001. Common threads: Underlying components of inequalities in mortality between and within countries. In Poverty, Inequality and Health: An International Perspective, ed. Leon, D., Walt, G., 58–87. Oxford University Press.
Leon, D., Davey Smith, G., Shipley, M., Strachan, D. 1995. Adult height and mortality in London: Early life, socioeconomic confounding, or shrinkage?Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 49: 5–9.Google Scholar
Liestøl, K., Rosenberg, M. 1995. Height, weight and menarchael age of schoolgirls in Oslo: An update. Annals of Human Biology 22: 199–205.Google Scholar
Lindert, P., Williamson, J. 1982. Revising England's social tables, 1688–1812. Explorations in Economic History 19: 385–408.Google Scholar
Lindert, P., Williamson, J. 1983b. Reinterpreting England's social tables: 1688–1913. Explorations in Economic History 20: 94–109.Google Scholar
Lindert, P., Williamson, J. 1985. English workers' real wages: Reply to Crafts. Journal of Economic History 45: 145–153.Google Scholar
Lindgren, G. 1998. Secular growth changes in Sweden. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 319–333. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Lipson, E. 1971. The Economic History of England, Volume 3, The Age of Mercantilism. London: Adam and Charles Black.
Lipton, M. 1983. Poverty, undernutrition, and hunger. World Bank Staff Working Papers no. 597.
Livi-Bacci, M. 1991. Population and Nutrition: An Essay in European Demographic History. Cambridge University Press.
Livi-Bacci, M. 2000. The Population of Europe: A History. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ljung, B.-O., Bergsten-Brucefors, A., Dindgren, G. 1974. The secular trend in physical growth in Sweden. Annals of Human Biology 1: 245–256.Google Scholar
Logan, T. 2006. Is the calorie distribution log normal? Evidence from the nineteenth century. Historical Methods 39: 112–122.Google Scholar
Logan, W., Brooke, E. 1957. The Survey of Sickness 1943–1952. London: HMSO.
López-Casasnovas, G., Rivera, B., Currais, L. 2005. Introduction: The role health plays in economic growth: Findings and policy implications. In Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications, ed. López-Casasnovas, G., Rivera, B., Currais, L., 1–16. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Loudon, I. 1992. Death in Childbirth: An International Study of Maternal Care and Maternal Mortality 1800–1950. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lumey, L. 1998. Reproductive outcomes in women prenatally exposed to undernutrition: A review of findings from the Dutch famine birth cohort. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57: 129–135.Google Scholar
Macaulay, T. B. 1848. The History of England. London: J M Dent and Sons Ltd.
Mackenbach, J., Bakker, M., Kunst, A., Diderichsen, F. 2002. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in Europe: An overview. In Reducing Inequalities in Health: A European Perspective, ed. Mackenbach, J., Bakker, M., 3–24. London: Routledge.
Macnicol, J. 1998. The Politics of Retirement in Britain, 1878–1948. Cambridge University Press.
Maddison, A. 1982. Phases of Capitalist Development. Oxford University Press.
Maddison, A. 1995. Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Maddison, A. 2001. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Maddison, A. 2003. The World Economy: Historical Statistics. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Malthus, T. 1993. An Essay on the Principle of Population. Edited with an Introduction by Geoffrey Gilbert. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., Weil, D. 1992. A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107: 407–437.Google Scholar
Manton, K. 1982. Changing concepts of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Milbank Quarterly 60: 183–244.Google Scholar
Manton, K., Corder, L., Stallard, E. 1997. Chronic disability trends in elderly United States populations: 1982–94. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94: 2593–2598.Google Scholar
Manton, K., Gu, X. 2001. Changes in the prevalence of chronic disability in the United States black and nonblack population above age 65 from 1982 to 1999. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 6354–6359.Google Scholar
Manton, K., Gu, X., Lamb, V. 2006. Long-term trends in life expectancy and active life expectancy in the United States. Population and Development Review 32: 81–105.Google Scholar
Margo, R. 2000. The labor force in the nineteenth century. In The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Volume II: The Long Nineteenth Century, ed. Engerman, S., Gallman, R.New York: Cambridge University Press.
Margo, R., Steckel, R. 1982. The heights of American slaves: New evidence on slave nutrition and health. Social Science History 6: 516–538.Google Scholar
Marmot, M. 2004. Status Syndrome: How Your Social Standing Directly Affects Your Life Health and Life Expectancy. London: Bloomsbury.
Marmot, M., Shipley, M., Rose, G. 1984. Inequalities in death-specific explanations of a general pattern?Lancet 1: 1003–1006.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. 1968. The Old-Poor Law, 1795–1834. London: Macmillan.
Martinez-Carrión, J. 1994. Stature, welfare and economic growth in nineteenth-century Spain: The case of Murcia. In Stature, Living Standards, and Economic Development: Essays in Anthropometric History, ed. Komlos, J.University of Chicago Press.
Martinez-Carrión, J., Moreno-Lázaro, J. 2007. Was there an urban height penalty in Spain, 1840–1913?Economics and Human Biology 5: 144–164.Google Scholar
Martinez-Carrión, J., Perez-Castejón, J. 2002. Creciendo con desilgualdad. Niveles de vida biológicos en la España rural mediterránea desde 1840. In El Nivel de Vida en la España Rural, Siglos XVIII-XX, ed. Carrión, J., 405–460. San Vicente: Universidad de Alicante.
Mathias, P. 1957. The social structure in the eighteenth century: A calculation by Joseph Massie. Economic History Review, Second Series 10: 35–45.Google Scholar
Mathias, P. 1975. Preface. In The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution, ed. Taylor, A. J.London: Methuen.
Mathias, P. 2001. The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914. London: Routledge.
McCance, R., Widdowson, E. 1960. The Composition of Foods. London: HMSO.
McClelland, P. D., Zeckhauser, R. 1982. Demographic Dimensions of the New Republic: American Interregional Migration, Vital Statistics, and Manumissions, 1800–1860. Cambridge University Press.
McCusker, J., Menard, R. 1985. The Economy of British America, 1607–1789. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press.
McKeown, T. 1976. The Modern Rise of Population. London: Edward Arnold.
McMahon, S. 1981. Provisions laid up for the family: Toward a history of diet in New England, 1650–1850. Historical Methods 14: 4–21.Google Scholar
McMahon, S. 1985. A comfortable subsistence: The changing composition of diet in rural New England. William and Mary Quarterly 42: 25–65.Google Scholar
McNay, K., Humphries, J., Klasen, S. 1998. Death and gender in Victorian England and Wales: Comparisons with contemporary developing countries. University of Cambridge Department of Applied Economics Working Paper.
McNay, K., Humphries, J., Klasen, S. 2005. Excess female mortality in nineteenth-century England and Wales: A regional analysis. Social Science History 29: 649–681.Google Scholar
McWilliams, J. 2005. A Revolution in Eating: How the Quest for Food Shaped America. New York: Columbia University Press.
Mennell, S. 1985. All Manners of Food. London: Basil Blackwell.
Mercer, A. 1985. Smallpox and epidemiological-demographic change in Europe: The role of vaccination. Population Studies 39: 287–307.Google Scholar
Mercer, A. 1990. Disease, Morality and Population in Transition: Epidemiological-Demographic Change in England since the Eighteenth Century as Part of a Global Phenomenon. Leicester University Press.
Metzer, J. 1992. Rational management, modern business practices, and economies of scale in antebellum southern plantations. In Without Consent or Contract: Markets and Production: Technical Papers Volume 1, ed. Fogel, R., Engerman, S.New York: W.W. Norton.
Michel, J-P. 2002. Vieillissement en bonne santé: l'experience suisse. Comptes Rendus Biologies 325: 693–696.Google Scholar
Miguel, E. 2005. Health, education, and economic development. In Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications, ed. López-Casasnovas, G., Rivera, B., Currais, L., 143–168. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Millward, R. 2000. Urban government, finance and public health in Victorian Britatin. In Urban Governance: Britain and Beyond since 1750, ed. Morris, R., Trainor, R., 47–68. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Millward, R., Bell, F. 1998. Economic factors in the decline of mortality in late 19th and 20th century Britain. European Review of Economic History 2: 263–288.Google Scholar
Millward, R., Bell, F. 2001. Infant mortality in Victorian Britain: The mother as medium. Economic History Review 54: 699–733.Google Scholar
Millward, R., Sheard, S. 1995. The urban fiscal problem, 1870–1914: Government expenditure and finance in England and Wales. Economic History Review 2: 501–535.Google Scholar
,Ministère du Travail. 1977. Sixième Rapport sur la Situation Démographique de la France. Paris: Ministère du Travail.
Mironov, B. 2007. Birth weight and physical stature in St. Petersburg: Living standards of women in Russia, 1980–2005. Economics and Human Biology 5: 123–143.Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. 1988. British Historical Statistics. Cambridge University Press.
Mitchell, B. 2003. International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750–2000. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Mitchell, B., Deane, P. 1962. Abstract of British Historical Statistics. Cambridge University Press.
Mokdad, A., Ford, E., Bowman, B., Dietz, W., Vinicor, F., Bales, V., Marks, J. 2003. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. Journal of the American Medical Association 289.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. 1983. Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy 1800–1850. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Mokyr, J. 1988. Is there still life in the pessimist case? Consumption during the industrial revolution, 1790–1850. Journal of Economic History 43: 69–92.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. 1990. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mokyr, J. 2004. Accounting for the Industrial Revolution. In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, Volume 1, ed. Floud, R., Johnson, P.Cambridge University Press.
Mokyr, J., O'Gráda, C. 1991. Height of the British and the Irish 1800–1815: Evidence from recruits to the East India Company army. Typescript, Northwestern University.
Morand, O. F. 2005. Economic growth, health and longevity in the very long term: Facts and mechanisms. In Health and Economic Growth, ed. López-Casasnovas, G., Rivera, B., Currais, L.Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Morell, M. 1983. Food consumption among inmates of Swedish hospitals during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Presented at Colloquium on the Standard of Living in Europe since 1850, Uppsala University, Sweden.
Murphy, K., Welch, F. 1990. Empirical age-earning profiles. Journal of Labor Economics 8: 202–229.Google Scholar
Murray, C., Chen, L. 1992. Understanding morbidity change. Population and Development Review 18: 481–503.Google Scholar
Murray, C., Chen, L. 1993. Understanding morbidity change: Reply to Riley. Population and Development Review 19: 812–815.Google Scholar
Murray, J. 2003. Social insurance claims and morbidity estimates: Sickness or absence?Social History of Medicine 16: 225–245.Google Scholar
Must, A., Spadano, J., Coakley, E. H., Field, A. E., Colditz, G., Dietz, W. H. 1999. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association 282: 1523–1529.Google Scholar
Mutafova, M., Water, H., Perenbloom, R., Boshuizen, H., Maleshkov, C. 1996. Occupational handicap-free life expectancy in Bulgaria, 1976–92, based on the data of the Medical Expert Commissions. Social Science and Medicine 43: 537–542.Google Scholar
,National Health Service Information Centre. 2008. Health Survey for England 2007: Latest Trends. www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/hse07trends.
Nelson, M., Rogers, J. 1994. Cleaning up the cities: Application of the first comprehensive Public Health Law in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of History 19: 17–39.Google Scholar
Ng, K., Virts, N. 1989. The value of freedom. Journal of Economic History 49: 958–965.Google Scholar
,NHS. 2010. NHS Database. www.nhsdatabase.com/.
Nicholas, S., Oxley, D. 1993. The living standards of women during the industrial revolution, 1795–1820. Economic History Review 46: 723–749.Google Scholar
Nicholas, S., Oxley, D. 1996. Living standards of women in England and Wales, 1785–1815: New evidence from Newgate prison records. Economic History Review 49: 591–599.Google Scholar
Nicholas, S., Steckel, R. 1991. Heights and living standards of English workers during the early years of industrialization. Journal of Economic History 51: 937–957.Google Scholar
Nordhaus, W. D., Tobin, J. 1972. Is growth obsolete? In Economic Growth: Fiftieth AnniversaryColloquium, 1–80. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
O'Brien, P., Keyder, C. 1978. Economic Growth in Britain and France 1780–1914: Two Paths to the Twentieth Century. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Oddy, D. 1970. Working-class diets in late nineteenth-century Britain. Economic History Review 23: 314–323.Google Scholar
Oddy, D. 1990. Food, drink, and nutrition. In The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750–1950, Volume 2, ed. Thompson, F., 251–278. Cambridge University Press.
Oddy, D. 2003. From Plain Fare to Fusion Food: British Diet from the 1890s to the 1990s. Woodridge: Boydell.
,OECD. 2005. Health at a Glance. Paris: OECD.
Oeppen, J., Vaupel, J. 2002. Broken limits to life expectancy. Science 296: 1029–1031.Google Scholar
Offer, A. 2001. Body weights and self-control in the United States and Britain since the 1950s. Social History of Medicine 14: 79–106.Google Scholar
Offer, A. 2003. Economic welfare measurements and human well-being. In The Economic Future in Historical Perspective, ed. David, P. A., Thomas, M.Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
Offer, A. 2006. The Challenge of Affluence: Self-Control and Wellbeing in the United States and Britain since 1950. Oxford University Press.
,Office for National Statistics. 1999. Cancer Survival Trends in England and Wales, 1971–1995: Deprivation and NHS Region. London: The Stationery Office.
,Office for National Statistics. 2002. Mortality Statistics: Cause. Review of the Registrar General on Deaths by Cause, Sex and Age, in England and Wales, 2001. London: Office for National Statistics. www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/Dh2_28/DH2No28.pdf.
,Office for National Statistics. 2004a. Stillbirths and Infant Deaths by Age at Death, 1921 to 2002. www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/expodata/files/10406733081.csv.
,Office for National Statistics. 2004b. Mortality Statistics: General. Review of the Registrar-General on Deaths in England and Wales, 2002. London: Office for National Statistics. www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/DH1_35_2002/DH1no35.pdf.
,Office for National Statistics. 2005. Cancer Survival: England and Wales, 1991–2001: Twenty Major Cancers. www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=7898.
,Office for National Statistics. 2009a. Mortality Statistics:Deaths Registered in 2008. London: Office for National Statistics. www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/DR2008/DR_08.pdf.
,Office for National Statistics. 2009b. Statistical Bulletin: Infant and Perinatal Mortality 2008: Health Areas, England and Wales. www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ipm0909.pdf.
Olmstead, A., Rhode, P. 2008. Creating Abundance: Biological Innovation and American Agricultural Development. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
Olshansky, S., Passaro, D., Hershow, R. C., Layden, J., Carnes, B., Brody, J., Hayflick, L., Butler, R., Allison, D., Ludwig, D. 2005. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. New England Journal of Medicine 352: 1138–1145.Google Scholar
Olshansky, S., Rudberg, M., Carnes, B., Cassel, C., Brody, J. 1991. Trading off longer life for worsening health: The expansion of morbidity hypothesis. Journal of Aging and Health 3: 194–216.Google Scholar
Olson, J. 1992. Clock time versus real time: A comparison of the northern and southern agricultural years. In Without Consent or Contract, Volume 3, Markets and Production: Technical Papers Volume 1, ed. Fogel, R., Engerman, S., 216–240. New York: W.W. Norton.
Onland-Moret, N., Peeters, P., Gils, C., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Key, T., Tjønneland, A., Trichopoulou, A., Kaaks, R., Manjer, J., Panico, S., Palli, D., Tehard, B., Stoikidou, M., Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. B., Boeing, H., Overad, K., Lenner, P., Quirós, J., Chirlaque, M. D., Miller, A., Khaw, K., Riboli, E. 2005. Age at menarche in relation to adult height. American Journal of Epidemiology 162: 623–632.Google Scholar
Oren, L. 1974. The welfare of women in laboring families. In Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, ed. Hartman, M., Banner, L., 222–244. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Orr, J. 1937. Food, Health, and Income: Report on a Survey of Adequacy of Diet in Relation to Income. London: Macmillan.
Osmani, S., Sen, A. 2003. The hidden penalties of gender inequality: Fetal origins of ill-health. Economics and Human Biology 1: 105–121.Google Scholar
Otero, A., Zunzunegui, M., Rodriguez-Laslo, A., Aguilar, A., Lazaro, P. 2004. Volumen y tendencias de la dependencia asociada al envejecimiento en la población española. Revista Española de Salud Pública 78: 201–213.Google Scholar
Owen, J. 1976. Workweeks and leisure: An analysis of trends, 1948–1975. Monthly Labor Review 99: 3–8.Google Scholar
Owen, J. 1988. Work-time reduction in the United States and western Europe. Monthly Labor Review 111: 41–45.Google Scholar
Papadimtriou, A. 1998. Growth and development of Greek children in the twentieth century. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 161–173. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
,Parliamentary Papers. 1849a. An Account of the Imports of the Principal Articles of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise, of the Consumption of Such Articles, and of the Customs Duties Received Thereon, in the Year 1848, Compared with the Imports, Consumption and Receipts of the Preceding Year. PP 1849 (67) I, 1.
,Parliamentary Papers. 1849b. Return of Wheat, Barley and Oats, and of Flour and Meal, Imported into the United Kingdom, Cleared for Consumption and Exported in Each Year from 1792 to 1848, with Average Annual Price, and the Duty Per Quarter. PP 1849 (443) I, 393.
,Parliamentary Papers. 1851. An Account of the Imports of the Principal Articles of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise, of the Consumption of Such Articles, and of the Customs Duties Received Thereon, in the Year Ending 5th January 1851, Compared with the Imports, Consumption and Receipts of the Preceding Year. PP 1851 (21) Iiii, 1.
,Parliamentary Papers. 1853. An Account of the Imports of the Principal Articles of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise, of the Consumption of Such Articles, and of the Custom Duties Received Thereon, in the Year Ending 5th January 1853, Compared with the Imports, Consumption and Receipts of the Preceding Year. PP 1853–3 (117) xcviii, 1.
,Parliamentary Papers. 1864. Sixth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, with Appendix, 1863. PP 1864 (3416) xxvii 1.
,Parliamentary Papers. 1917. The Food Supply of the United Kingdom: A Report Drawn Up by a Committee of the Royal Society at the Request of the President of the Board of Trade. PP 1916 Cd 8421 ix, 211.
Paukert, F. 1973. Income distribution at different levels of development: A survey of evidence. International Labor Review August-September: 97–125.Google Scholar
Perenboom, R., Herten, L., Boshuizen, H., Bos, G. 2005. Life expectancy without chronic morbidity: Trends in gender and socioeconomic disparities. Public Health Reports 120: 46–54.Google Scholar
Peterson, S., Peto, V. 2004. Smoking Statistics 2004. London: British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group.
Plotnick, R., Smolensky, E., Evenhouse, E., Reilly, S. 2000. The twentieth-century record of inequality and poverty in the United States. In The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Volume III: The Twentieth Century, ed. Engerman, S., Gallman, R., 249–300. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pooley, C. 1992. Housing Strategies in Europe, 1880–1930. Leicester University Press.
Popkin, B., Udry, J. R. 1998. Adolescent obesity increases significantly in second and third generation US immigrants: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Nutrition 128: 701–706.Google Scholar
Porter, R. 1991. Cleaning up the Great Wen: Public health in eighteenth-century London. In Living and Dying in London, ed. Bynum, W., Porter, R., 61–75. London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine.
Porter, R. 1997. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. London: HarperCollins.
Post, J. 1977. The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Power, A. 1993. Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe since 1850. London: Routledge.
Prebeg, Z., Jureša, V., Kujundžič, M. 1995. Secular growth changes in Zagreb schoolchildren over four decades, 1951–91. Annals of Human Biology 22: 99–110.Google Scholar
Preston, S., Walle, E. 1978. Urban French mortality in the nineteenth century. Population Studies 32: 275–297.Google Scholar
Prince, J., Steckel, R. 2003. Nutritional success on the Great Plains: Nineteenth-century equestrian nomads. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 33: 353–384.Google Scholar
Pullar, P. 1970. Consuming Passions: Being an Historic Inquiry into Certain English Appetites. Boston: Little, Brown.
Quenouille, M., Boyne, A., Fisher, W. B., Leitch, I. 1951. Statistical studies of recorded energy expenditure in man. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Nutrition 17.Google Scholar
Ransom, R., Sutch, R. 1977. One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rasmussen, W. 1960. Readings in the History of American Agriculture. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Rau, R., Soroko, E., Jasilionis, D., Vaupel, J. 2008. Continued reductions in mortality at advanced ages. Population and Development Review 14: 747–768.Google Scholar
Razzell, P. 1965. Population change in eighteenth-century England: A reinterpretation. Economic History Review 18: 312–332.Google Scholar
Razzell, P. 1977. The Conquest of Smallpox: The Impact of Inoculation on Smallpox Mortality in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Sussex: Caliban.
Razzell, P. 1994. The growth of population in eighteenth-century England: A critical reappraisal. In Essays in English Population History, ed. Razzell, P., 173–206. London: Caliban.
Razzell, P. 1998. The conundrum of eighteenth-century English population growth. Social History of Medicine 11: 469–500.Google Scholar
Reay, B. 2004. Rural Englands: Labouring Lives in the Nineteenth Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Rebato, E. 1998. The studies on secular trend in Spain: A review. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 279–317. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Regidor, E., Dominguez, V., Navarro, P., Rodriguez, C. 1999. The magnitude of difference in perceived general health associated with educational level in the regions of Spain. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 53: 288–293.Google Scholar
Richards, M., Hardy, R., Kuh, D., Wadsworth, M. 2001. Birth weight and cognitive function in the British 1946 birth cohort: Longitudinal population based study. British Medical Journal 322: 199–203.Google Scholar
Rickards, L., Fox, K., Roberts, C., Fletcher, L., Goddard, E. 2002. Living in Britain, no. 31: Results from the 2002 General Household Survey. London: The Stationery Office.
Ridley, M. 2004. Evolution. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Riggs, P. 1994. The standard of living in Scotland 1800–50. In Stature, Living Standards and Economic Development: Essays in Anthropometric History, ed. Komlos, J., 60–75. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Riley, J. 1989. Sickness, Recovery and Death: A History and Forecast of Ill-Health. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Riley, J. 1993. Understanding morbidity change: Comment on an article by Murray and Chen. Population and Development Review 19: 807–811.Google Scholar
Riley, J. 1994. Height, nutrition and mortality risk reconsidered. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24: 465–492.Google Scholar
Riley, J. 1997. Sick, Not Dead: The Health of British Workingmen during the Mortality Decline. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Riley, J., Alter, G. 1989. The epidemiologic transition and morbidity. Annales de Démographie Historique199–213.Google Scholar
Riley, J., Alter, G. 1996. The sick and the well: Adult health in Britain during the health transition. Health Transition Review 6 (suppl.): 19–44.Google Scholar
Robine, J.-M., Cambois, E., Romieu, A. 1999. L'évolution de l'espérance de vie sans incapacité. Médecine/Sciences 15: 1450–1453.Google Scholar
Robine, J.-M., Romieu, I., Cambois, E. 1999. Health expectancy indicators. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 77: 181–185.Google Scholar
Robinson, S., Lader, D. 2007. Smoking and Drinking Among Adults, 2007. Newport: Office for National Statistics.
Rochester, A. 1923. Infant Mortality. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Rolland-Cachera, M., Cole, T., Sempe, M., Tichet, J. 1991. Body mass index variations: Centiles from birth to 87 years. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45: 13–21.Google Scholar
Rona, R. 1998. Secular trend of stature and body mass index in Britain in the twentieth century. In Secular Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 335–349. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Rose, M. 1971. The Relief of Poverty, 1834–1914: Studies in Economic History. London: Macmillan.
Rosenberg, M. 1988. Birth weights in three Norwegian cities. Annals of Human Biology 15: 275–288.Google Scholar
Rowan, S. 2003. Implications of changes in the United Kingdom social and occupational classifications in 2001 on infant mortality statistics. Health Statistics Quarterly 17: 33–40.Google Scholar
Ruel, M., Rivera, J., Habicht, J., Martorell, R. 1995. Differential response to early nutrition supplementation: Long-term effects on height at adolescence. International Journal of Epidemiology 24: 404–412.Google Scholar
Sala-i-Martin, X., Doppelhofer, G., Miller, R. 2004. Determinants of long-term growth: A Bayesian averaging of classical estimates (BACE) approach. American Economic Review 94: 813–835.Google Scholar
Salaman, R. 1949. The History and Social Influence of the Potato. Cambridge University Press.
Samaras, R., Elrick, H., Storms, L. 2003. Is height related to longevity? Life Sciences 72: 1781–1802.Google Scholar
Samaras, T., Elrick, H., Storms, L. 2004. Is short height really a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke mortality? A review. Medical Science Monitor 10: 63–76.Google Scholar
Sandberg, L. 1989. Swedish height fluctuations during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in relation to the experience of other European countries and the United States. In Auxology '88: Perspectives in the Science of Growth and Development, ed. Tanner, J., 187–197. London: Smith-Gordon.
Sandberg, L., Steckel, R. 1987. Heights and economic history: The Swedish case. Annals of Human Biology 14: 101–109.Google Scholar
Sandberg, L, Steckel, R. 1997. Was industrialisation hazardous to your health? Not in Sweden! In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R., 127–160. University of Chicago Press.
Saugstard, L. 1979. Infant death rate and infant mortality 1840–1900 in Norway, Sweden and Denmark and England and Wales with particular attention to the relationship between mortality and population density-urbanisation. In The Fifth Scandinavian Demographic Symposium, ed. Brunborg, H., Sørenson, K., 83–97. Oslo: Scandinavian Demographic Society.
Sawyer, M. 1976. Income distribution in OECD countries. OECD Economic Outlook: Occasional Studies July: 3–36.Google Scholar
Sayer, A., Cooper, C. 2005. Fetal programming of body composition and musculoskeletal development. Early Human Development 81: 735–744.Google Scholar
Schaible, U., Kaufmann, S. 2007. Malnutrition and infection: Complex mechanisms and global impacts. PLoS Medicine 4: e115.Google Scholar
Schoeller, D. 1990. How accurate is self-reported dietary energy intake? Nutrition Reviews 48: 373–379.Google Scholar
Schoeni, R., Freedman, V., Martin, L. 2008. Why is late-life disability declining? Milbank Quarterly 86: 47–89.Google Scholar
Schofield, R. 1994. British population change, 1700–1871. In The Economic History of Britain since 1700, ed. Floud, R., McCloskey, D., 60–95. Cambridge University Press.
Schofield, R., Reher, D. 1991. The decline of mortality in Europe. In The Decline of Mortality in Europe, ed. Schofield, R., Reher, D., Bideau, A., 1–17. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Scholliers, P. 1995. A century of real industrial wages in Belgium, 1840–1939. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 106–137. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Schultz, T. P. 2002. Wage gains associated with height as a form of health human capital. American Economic Review 92.Google Scholar
Schultz, T. P. 2003. Wage rentals for reproducible human capital: Evidence from Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Economics and Human Biology 1: 331–366.Google Scholar
Schultz, T. P. 2005. Productive benefits of health: Evidence from low-income countries. In Health and Economic Growth, ed. López-Casasnovas, G., Rivera, B., Currais, L., 257–286. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Schumpeter, E. 1960. English Overseas Trade Statistics, 1697–1808. Oxford University Press.
Schwarz, L. 1985. The standard of living in the long run: London 1700–1860. Economic History Review 38: 21–41.Google Scholar
Scrimshaw, N. 1998. Malnutrition, brain development, learning, and behavior. Nutrition Research 18: 351–379.Google Scholar
Scrimshaw, N., San Giovanni, J. 1997. Synergism of nutrition, infection, and immunity: An overview. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66: 464S-477S.Google Scholar
Segers, Y. 2004. Nutrition and living standards in industrializing Belgium (1846–1913). Food and History 2: 153–178.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sen, A. 1999. Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.
Shammas, C. 1983. Food expenditures and economic well-being in early modern England. Journal of Economic History 43: 89–100.Google Scholar
Shammas, C. 1984. The eighteenth-century English diet and economic change. Explorations in Economic History 21: 254–269.Google Scholar
Shammas, C. 1990. The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sheridan, R. 1973. Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.
Shlomowitz, R. 1990. Convict workers: A review article. Australian Economic History Review 30: 67–88.Google Scholar
Shlomowitz, R. 1991. Convict transportees: Casual or professional criminals? Australian Economic History Review 31.Google Scholar
Sicsic, P. 1995. France, 1820–1940. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 206–209. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Sihvonen, A.-P., Kunst, A., Lahelma, E., Valkonen, T., Mackenbach, J. 1998. Socioeconomic inequalities in health expectancy in Finland and Norway in the late-1980s. Social Science and Medicine 47: 303–315.Google Scholar
Silventoinen, K., Lahelma, E., Rahkonen, O. 1999. Social background, adult body-height and health. International Journal of Epidemiology 28: 911–918.Google Scholar
Silventoinen, K., Zdravkovic, S., Skytthe, A., McCarron, P., Herskind, A., Koskenvuo, M., Faire, U., Pedersen, N., Christensen, K., Kapiro, J. 2006. Association between height and coronary heart disease mortality: A prospective study of 35,000 twin pairs. American Journal of Epidemiology 163: 615–621.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. 1995. Spain, 1800–1950. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 250–252. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Slicher Van Bath, B. H. 1963. The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500–1850. London: Edward Arnold.
Smith, B. 1981. The material lives of laboring Philadelphians, 1750 to 1800. William and Mary Quarterly 38: 163–202.Google Scholar
Smith, M. 2009. Better health at older ages: Trends in healthy and disability-free life expectancy. Presented at Insurance, Sickness, and Old Age: Past Experiences and Future Prospects, University of Southampton, April 15–16.
Smith, M., Edgar, G., Groom, G. 2008. Health expectancies in the United Kingdom, 2004–06. Health Statistics Quarterly 40: 77–80.Google Scholar
Smith, P. K., Bogin, B., Varela-Silva, M., Loucky, J. 2003. Economic and anthropological assessments of the health of children in the Maya immigrant families in the US. Economics and Human Biology 1: 145–160.Google Scholar
Smolensky, E. 1971. The past and present poor. In The Reinterpretation of American Economic History, ed. Fogel, R., Engerman, S.New York: Harper and Row.
Southall, H., Garrett, E. 1991. Morbidity and mortality among early-nineteenth century engineering workers. Social History of Medicine 4: 231–252.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, T. 1992. Undernutrition: Concepts, measurement, and policy implications In Nutrition and Poverty, ed. Osmani, S.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
,Statistics Denmark. 2009. Statistical Yearbook 2009. Copenhagen: Statistics Denmark.
,Statistics Norway. 2000. Historical Statistics 1994. Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyrå. Available online at www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/histstat/.
,STATLINE. 2010. Key figures of the population forecasts 2008–2050. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Statistics Netherlands). http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&PA=03766ENG&D1=11-12&D2=0&D3=0-2,7,12,17,22,27,32,37,l&LA=EN&VW=T.
Steckel, R. 1983. Height and per capita income. Historical Methods 16: 1–7.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. 1986. A peculiar population: The nutrition, health, and mortality of American slaves from childhood to maturity. Journal of Economic History 46: 721–741.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. 1995a. Percentiles of modern height standards for use in historical research. NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth 75.
Steckel, R. 1995b. Stature and the standard of living. Journal of Economic Literature 33: 1903–1940.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. 2003. Net nutrition over the past millennium: Methodology and some results for northern Europe. Presented at the Annual Conference of the Economic History Society, University of Durham, April 2003.
Steckel, R., Floud, R. 1997a. Conclusions. In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R., 423–449. University of Chicago Press.
Steckel, R., Floud, R., eds. 1997b. Health and Welfare during Industrialization. University of Chicago Press.
Steckel, R., Moehling, C. 2001. Rising inequality: Trends in the distribution of wealth in industrializing New England. Journal of Economic History 61: 160–183.Google Scholar
Steckel, R., Rose, J. 2002. The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Cambridge University Press.
Štefančič, M., Tomoazo-Favnik, T. 1998. Fifty-two years of secular trend in Ljublijana schoolchildren. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 281–295. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Stein, Z., Susser, M., Saenger, G., Marolla, F. 1975. Famine and Human Development: The Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–5. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stern, N. 2007. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press.
Stern, N. 2009. Blueprint for a Safer Planet: How to Manage Climate Change and Create a New Era of Progress and Prosperity. London: The Bodley Head.
Stigler, G. 1954. The early history of empirical studies of consumer behavior. Journal of Political Economy 52: 95–113.Google Scholar
Strauss, F., Bean, L. 1940. Gross farm income and indices of farm production and prices in the United States, 1869–1937. Technical Bulletin 703. US Department of Agriculture Cooperating with the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Strauss, J., Thomas, D. 1998. Health, nutrition, and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature 36: 766–817.Google Scholar
Su, D. 2009. Risk exposure in early life and mortality at older ages: Evidence from Union Army veterans. Population and Development Review 35: 275–295.Google Scholar
Suhrcke, M., McKee, M., Arce, R., Tsolova, S., Mortensen, J. 2005. The Contribution of Health to the Economy in the European Union. Luxembourg: European Communities.
Susanne, C., Bodzsár, E., Bielicki, T., Hauspie, R., Hulanicka, B., Lepage, Y., Rebato, E., Vercauteren, M. 2001. Changement séculaire de la croissance et du développement en Europe. Antropo 0: 71–90.Google Scholar
Sutch, R. 1976. The care and feeding of slaves. In Reckoning with Slavery, ed. David, P., Gutman, H., Sutch, R., Temin, P., Wright, G.New York: Oxford University Press.
Szreter, S. 1988. The importance of social intervention in Britain's mortality decline, c. 1850–1914: A reinterpretation of the role of public health. Social History of Medicine 1: 1–37.Google Scholar
Szreter, S. 1997. Economic growth, disruption, deprivation, disease and death: On the importance of the politics of public health for development. Population and Development Review 23: 693–728.Google Scholar
Szreter, S. 2001. Review of Robert Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales. Social History of Medicine 14: 562–563.Google Scholar
Szreter, S., Mooney, G. 1998. Urbanisation, mortality and the standard of living debate: New estimates of the expectation of life at birth in nineteenth-century British cities. Economic History Review 51: 84–112.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. 1962. Growth at Adolescence, With a General Consideration of the Effects of Hereditary and Environmental Factors upon Growth and Maturation from Birth to Maturity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tanner, J. 1978. Foetus into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. London: Open Books Publishing.
Tanner, J. 1981. A History of the Study of Human Growth. Cambridge University Press.
Tanner, J. 1990. Foetus into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. Cambridge University Press.
Tanner, J., Hayashi, T., Preece, M., Cameron, N. 1982. Increase in length of leg relative to trunk size in Japanese children and adults from 1957 to 1977: Comparison with British and with Japanese Americans. Annals of Human Biology 9: 411–423.Google Scholar
Tanner, J., Whitehouse, R., Takaishi, M. 1966. Height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity: British children, 1965. Archives of Disease in Childhood 41: 454–471, 613–635.Google Scholar
Taubenberger, J., Morens, D. 2006. 1918 influenza: The mother of all pandemics. Centers for Disease Controlwww.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm.
Temin, P. 1991. Free land and federalism: American economic exceptionalism. In Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism, ed. Shafer, B., 71–93. Oxford University Press.
Thatcher, A. 1992. Trends in numbers and mortality at high ages in England and Wales. Population Studies 46: 411–426.Google Scholar
Thatcher, A. 1997. Trends and prospects at very high ages. In The Health of Adult Britain 1841–1994. Volume 2. Chapter 15–27, ed. Charlton, J., Murphy, M., 204–210. London: Office for National Statistics.
Thirsk, J. 2002. Review of ME Turner, JV Beckett and B Afton, Farm Production in England 1700–1914. Economic History Review 55: 355–356.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. 1963. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage.
Thompson, E. 1967. Time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism. Past and Present 38: 56–97.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. 1975. Food supply and public order in modern Europe. In The Formation of National States in Western Europe, ed. Tilly, C., 380–455. Princeton University Press.
Tilly, L. 1971. The food riot as a form of political conflict in France. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2: 23–57.Google Scholar
Toutain, J. 1971. La consommation alimentaire en France de 1789 à 1964. Economies et Sociétés, Cahiers de l'I.S.E.A 5: 1909–2049.Google Scholar
Towne, M., Rasmussen, W. 1960. Farm gross product and gross investment in the nineteenth century. In Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Parker, W., 255–315. Princeton University Press.
Townsend, P., Davidson, N., Whitehead, M. 1988. Inequalities in Health: The Black Report and the Health Divide. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Treurniet, H., Hoeymans, N., Giksen, R., Poos, M. 2005. Gezondheid en ziekte in Nederland: Het Nationaal Kompas Volksgezondheid als informatiebron. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 149: 226–231.Google Scholar
Troesken, W. 2004. Water, Race, and Disease. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Trussell, J., Steckel, R. 1978. The age of slaves at menarche and their first birth. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3: 477–505.Google Scholar
Trussell, J., Wachter, K. 1984. Estimating covariates of height in truncated samples. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 1455.
Turner, M., Beckett, J., Afton, B. 2001. Farm Production in England 1700–1914. Oxford University Press.
Twarog, S. 1997. Heights and living standards in Germany, 1850–1939: The case of Württemberg. In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R., 285–330. University of Chicago Press.
Uauy, R. 1985. Commentary. In Clinical Nutrition of the Young Child, ed. Brunser, O.et al., 96–98. New York: Raven Press.
Ulijaszek, S. 2003. Trends in body size, diet and food availability in the Cook Islands in the second half of the 20th century. Economics and Human Biology 1: 123–137.Google Scholar
,UNICEF, WHO. 2004. Low Birthweight: Country, Regional and Global Estimates. UNICEF.
,United Nations. 2006. Human Development Report 2006. United Nations Development Programme.
,United States Senate. 1893. Wholesale prices, wages, and transportation. In Senate Report 1394, Fifty-Second Congress, Second Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
,US Bureau of the Census. 1856. Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United States. Washington, DC: A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer.
,US Bureau of the Census. 1896. Report on Vital and Social Statistics in the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
,US Bureau of the Census. 1906. Special Reports: Mortality Statistics 1900 to 1904. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
,US Bureau of the Census. 1975a. Bicentennial Edition: Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, DC: US Government Publishing Office.
,US Bureau of the Census. 1975b. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
,US Bureau of the Census. 2002. Demographic Trends in the 20th Century: Census 2000 Special Reports. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
,US Bureau of the Census. 2007. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2007 Edition. www.census.gov/compendia/statab/.
,US Department of Agriculture. 1939. Agricultural Statistics, 1939. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.
,US Department of Agriculture. 1952. Conversion Factors and Weights and Measures for Agricultural Commodities and their Products. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Production and Marketing Administration.
,US Department of Agriculture. 1953. Consumption of Food in the United States, 1909–1952. Agriculture Handbook no. 62. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
,US Department of Agriculture. 1992. Weights, Measures and Conversion Factors for Agricultural Commodities and their Products, Agricultural Handbook no. 697. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.
,US Department of Agriculture. 2009. Nutrient Availability. Online Database available at www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/NutrientAvailIndex.htm.
,US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service. 1958. Livestock and Meat Statistics, 1957. Statistical Bulletin 230. Washington, DC.
,US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Division Agricultural Research Service. 1960. Heights and Weights of Adults in the United States. Home Economics Report 10. Washington, DC.
,US Department of Health and Human Services. 1987. Anthropometric Reference Data and Prevalence of Overweight. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
,US Department of Interior. 1883. Report on the Statistics of Wages in Manufacturing Industries. In 1880 Census, Volume 20. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
,US National Center for Health Statistics. 1965. Weight, Height, and Selected Body Dimensions for Adults: United States 1960–62. Series 11, no. 8. Washington, DC.
,US National Center for Health Statistics. 1977. Dietary Intake Findings: United States, 1971–1974. Data from the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Health Resources Administration, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Series 11 no. 202. Washington, DC.
,US Surgeon General's Office. 1888. The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, 1861–65: Volume 5. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
,US Surgeon General's Office. 2009. Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences. www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences.htm.
Usher, D. 1980. The Measurement of Economic Growth. Oxford: Blackwell.
Valkonen, T., Sihvonen, A.-P., Lahelma, E. 1997. Health expectancy by level of education in Finland. Social Science and Medicine 44: 801–808.Google Scholar
Vallin, J., Meslé, F. 2001. Tables de mortalité francaise 1886–1997 et projections jusqu'en 2102. www.ined.fr/publications/cdrom_vallin_mesle/ contenu.htm.
Walle, E. 1979. France. In European Demography and Economic Growth, ed. Lee, W., 123–143. London: Croom Helm.
Oers, J. 2002. Health on Course? Key Messages from the 2002 Dutch Public Health Status and Forecasts Report. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment.
Oyen, H., Tafforeau, J., Roelands, M. 1996. Regional inequalities in health expectancy in Belgium. Social Science and Medicine 43.Google Scholar
Wieringen, J. 1978. Secular growth changes. In Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise, ed. Falkner, F., Tanner, J., 445–473. New York: Plenum.
Wieringen, J. 1986. Secular growth changes. In Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise, ed. Falkner, F., Tanner, J., 307–331. New York: Plenum.
Wieringen, J., Wafelbakker, F., Verbrugge, H., Haas, J. 1971. Growth Diagrams 1965 Netherlands: Second National Survey on 0–24 Year Olds. Leiden: Netherlands Institute for Preventive Medicine.
Venkaiah, K., Damayanti, K., Nayak, M., Vijayaraghavan, K. 2002. Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 1119–1125.Google Scholar
Verbrugge, L. 1984. Longer life but worsening health: Trends in health and mortality of middle-aged and older persons. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 62: 475–519.Google Scholar
Vermaas, A. 1995. Netherlands, 1850–1939. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 234–237. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Viazzo, P. 1997. Alpine patterns of infant mortality in perspective. In Infant and Child Mortality in the Past, ed. Bideau, A., Desjardins, B., Brignoli, H.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Vignerová, J., Bláha, P. 1998. The growth of the Czech child during the past forty years. In Secular Growth Changes in Europe, ed. Bodzsár, E., Susanne, C., 233–262. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.
Vignerová, J., Humeníkova, L., Brabec, M., Riedlová, M., Bláha, P. 2007. Long-term changes in body weight, BMI and adiposity rebound among children and adolescents in the Czech Republic. Economics and Human Biology 5: 409–425.Google Scholar
Vlastovsky, V. 1966. The secular trend in the growth and development of children and young persons in the Soviet Union. Human Biology 38: 219–230.Google Scholar
Vögele, J. 1998. Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870–1913. Liverpool University Press.
Vögele, J., Woelk, W., Fehlmann, S. 2000. Decline of the urban penalty: Milk supply and infant welfare centres in Germany, 1890s to 1920s. In Body and City: Histories of Urban Public Health, ed. Sheard, S., Power, H., 194–213. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Tunzelmann, N. 1979. Trends in real wages, 1750–1850, revisited. Economic History Review second series 32: 33–49.Google Scholar
Voth, H.-J. 1995. Height, nutrition, and labor: Recasting the “Austrian Model”. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25: 627–636.Google Scholar
Voth, H.-J. 2000. Time and Work in England, 1750–1830. Oxford University Press.
Voth, H.-J. 2001. The longest years: New estimates of labor input in England, 1760–1830. Journal of Economic History 61: 1065–1082.Google Scholar
Waaler, H. 1984. Height, weight, and mortality: The Norwegian experience. Acta Medica Scandinavia Supplement 679: 1–51.Google Scholar
Wachter, K. 1981. Graphical estimation of military heights. Historical Methods 14: 31–42.Google Scholar
Wachter, K., Trussell, J. 1982. Estimating historical heights. Journal of the American Statistical Association 77: 279–303.Google Scholar
Wadsworth, M. 1997. Health inequalities in the life course perspective. Social Science and Medicine 44: 859–869.Google Scholar
Wadsworth, M., Hardy, R., Paul, A., Marshall, S., Cole, T. 2002. Leg and trunk length at 43 years in relation to childhood health, diet, and family circumstances: Evidence from the 1946 National Birth Cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology 31: 383–390.Google Scholar
Wald, N., Nicolaides-Bouman, A. 1991. UK Smoking Statistics. Oxford University Press.
Walter, J., Schofield, R. 1989. Famine, disease and crisis mortality in early modern society. In Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society, ed. Walter, J., Schofield, R., 1–76. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ward, W. P. 1988. Hospitalization, birth weight, and nutrition in Montreal and Vienna 1850–1930. In Society, Health and Population during the Demographic Transition, ed. Bräandström, A., Tedebrand, L.Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International.
Ward, W. P. 1993. Birth Weight and Economic Growth: Women's Living Standards in the Industrializing West. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Warnes, A. 2006. The future life course, migration, and old age. In The Futures of Old Age, ed. Vincent, J., Phillipson, C., Downs, M., 208–217. London: Sage.
Waterlow, J. 1994. Summary of research in the area of linear growth retardation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48 (supplement 1): S211.Google Scholar
Watt, B., Merrill, A. 1950. Consumption of foods: Raw, processed, prepared. In Agricultural Handbook no. 8. ,US Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Webb, E., Kuh, D., Pajak, A., Kubinova, R., Malyutina, S., Bobak, M. 2008. Estimation of secular trends in adult height, and childhood socioeconomic circumstances in three eastern European populations. Economics and Human Biology 6: 228–236.Google Scholar
Weber, A. 1899. The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Statistics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Weir, D. 1984. Life under pressure: France and England, 1670–1870. Journal of Economic History 44: 27–47.Google Scholar
Weir, D. 1989a. Markets and mortality in France, 1600–1789. In Famine, Disease, and the Social Order in Early Modern Society, ed. Walter, J., Schofield, R.Cambridge University Press.
Weir, D. 1989b. Tontines, public finance, and revolution in France and England, 1688–1798. Journal of Economic History 49: 95–124.Google Scholar
Weir, D. 1997. Economic welfare and physical well-being in France, 1750–1990. In Health and Welfare during Industrialization, ed. Steckel, R., Floud, R., 161–200. University of Chicago Press.
Weiss, T., Craig, L. 1993. Agricultural productivity growth during the decade of the Civil War. Journal of Economic History 53: 527–548.Google Scholar
Whiteside, N. 1987. Counting the cost: Sickness and disability among working people in an era of industrial recession. Economic History Review 40: 228–246.Google Scholar
Widding, J. 2006. The implementation of the 1857 Public Health reform in Uppsala and Gävle. Presented at the Sixth European Social Science History Conference, March.
Wilkinson, R. 1996. Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. London: Routledge.
Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K. 2009. The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone. London: Allen Lane.
Williams, S. 2005. Earnings, poor relief and the economy of makeshifts: Bedfordshire in the early years of the New Poor Law. Rural History 16: 21–52.Google Scholar
Williamson, J. 1985. Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
Williamson, J. G. 1981. Urban disamenities, dark satanic mills and the British standard of living debate. Journal of Economic History 41: 75–83.Google Scholar
Williamson, J. G. 1982. Was the industrial revolution worth it? Disamenities and death in 19th century British towns. Explorations in Economic History 19: 221–245.Google Scholar
Wilmoth, J., Deegan, L., Lundström, H., Horiuchi, S. 2000. Increase of maximum life span in Sweden, 1861–1999. Science 289: 2366–2368.Google Scholar
Wilson, C. 1973. Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to Recent Times. London: Constable.
Winblad, I., Jäaskeläinen, M., Kivelä, S.-L., Hiltunen, P., Laippala, P. 2001. Prevalence of disability in three birth cohorts at old age over time spans of 10 and 20 years. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 54: 1019–1024.Google Scholar
Wohl, A. 1984. Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain. London: Methuen.
Wood, B., Carter, J. 2000. Towns, urban change and local government. In Twentieth Century British Social Trends, ed. Halsey, A., 412–433. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Woods, R. 1985. The effects of population redistribution on the level of mortality in nineteenth-century England and Wales. Journal of Economic History 45: 645–651.Google Scholar
Woods, R. 2000. The Demography of Victorian England and Wales. Cambridge University Press.
Woods, R. 2009. Death before Birth: Fetal Health and Mortality in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press.
Woods, R., Shelton, N. 1997. An Atlas of Victorian Mortality. Liverpool University Press.
Woodward, B. 1998. Protein, calories, and immune defenses. Nutrition Reviews 56: S84–S92.Google Scholar
Woodward, D. 1981. Wage rates and living standards in pre-industrial England. Past and Present 91: 28–45.Google Scholar
,World Bank. 1987. World Development Report 1987. Oxford University Press.
,World Health Organisation. 2006. European Health for All Database (HFA-DB). http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb.
Wrigley, E. A. 1987a. People, Cities and Wealth: The Transformation of Traditional Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
Wrigley, E. A. 1987b. Urban growth and agricultural change: England and the continent in the early modern period. In People, Cities, and Wealth: The Transformation of Traditional Society, ed. Wrigley, E. A., 157–193. Basil Blackwell.
Wrigley, E. A. 1998. Explaining the rise in marital fertility in England in the “long” eighteenth century. Economic History Review 51: 435–464.Google Scholar
Wrigley, E. A. 2004. British population during the “long” eighteenth century. In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, ed. Floud, R., Johnson, P.Cambridge University Press.
Wrigley, E. A., Davies, R., Oeppen, J., Schofield, R. 1997. English Population History from Family Reconstitution. Cambridge University Press.
Wrigley, E. A., Schofield, R. 1981. The Population History of England, 1541–1871: A Reconstruction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Zamagni, V. 1995. Italy, 1890–1946. In Labour's Reward: Real Wages and Economic Change in 19th and 20th-Century Europe, ed. Scholliers, P., Zamagni, V., 213–233. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Zellner, K., Ulbricht, G., Kromeyer-Hauschild, K. 2007. Long-term trends in body mass index of children in Jena, eastern Germany. Economics and Human Biology 5: 426–434.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×