The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War
Book contents
2 - Imperial ideologies: cultural practices
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2014
Summary
In their struggle for hegemony over the Eurasian borderlands, the rulers and ruling elites of the multicultural states – the Habsburg, Ottoman, Romanov, Safavid–Qajar, and Qing empires – sought to fashion an overarching ideology and a set of cultural practices aimed at binding together peoples of different ethnic, religious, and regional loyalties. In the twentieth century this search for a principle of authority became as persistent an imperative for the fascist and communist leaders of multinational states as it had been for the dynasts of the imperial period. In both cases, legitimacy was not easily established in the tumultuous process of state-building accompanied by the rapid expansion or contraction of frontiers, and the incorporation and loss of large populations in the borderlands.
In the imperial period the four ideological mainstays of imperial rule were: (1) a divinely inspired dynastic succession, although inconsistently followed; (2) a founding myth based in part on ancient chronicles and epic poetry, and in part on the invention of intellectuals in service of the state; (3) a set of cultural practices designed to glorify the ruler’s authority, project his power, and intimidate his subjects and foreign rivals; (4) a symbolic imagining of borderlands as an intrinsic manifestation of imperial power. The amalgam of these four real and symbolic representations of power constituted an imperial cultural system.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Struggle for the Eurasian BorderlandsFrom the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War, pp. 79 - 165Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2014
References
, Political Theology. Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, trans. (University of Chicago Press, [1922] 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Political Religious,” in Modernity without Restraint, in Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, 34 vols. (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999), vol. V, pp. 27–71Google Scholar
, “The Political Dimensions of Theology,” Journal of Religion 59(3) (1979): 154–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Who is the Next Ottoman Sultan? Attempts to Change the Rule of Succession during the Nineteenth Century,” in and (eds.), Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration. Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneh (London: Tauris, 2005), pp. 37–53Google Scholar
, “Introduction: Divine Rites of Kings,” in and (eds.), Ritual of Royalty. Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 1–19Google Scholar
and (eds.), Myths and Nationhood (London: Routledge, 1997)
, The King’s Two Bodies. A Study of Medieval Political Theology (Princeton University Press, 1959)Google Scholar
, The Civilizing Process. Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations, revised edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), esp. pp. 389–97Google Scholar
, Myths of Power. Norbert Elias and the Early Modern European Court (Amsterdam University Press, 1990)Google Scholar
(ed.), The Princely Courts of Europe. Ritual, Politics and Culture under the Ancient Regime, 1500–1750 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998)
, Scenarios of Power, Myth and Ceremony in the Russian Monarchy, 2 vols. (Princeton University Press, 1995, 2000);Google Scholar
, “Etiquette and Planning of State Apartments in Baroque Palaces,” Archéologie 101 (1967): 169–89Google Scholar
and (eds.), Imperial Cities. Landscape Display and Identity (Manchester University Press, 1999)
, “Seeing Culture in a Room for a Renaissance Prince,” in (ed.), The New Cultural History (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 205–32Google Scholar
, “The Concepts of Culture,” in and (eds.), Beyond the Cultural Turn (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 51–55Google Scholar
, “The Romanov Empire and the Russian Nation,” in et al. (eds.), Internal Colonization. Russia’s Imperial Experience (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011)Google Scholar
, The Last Descendent of Aeneas. The Habsburgs and the Mythic Image of the Emperor (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993)Google Scholar
, Joseph II. In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780, 2 vols. (Cambridge University Press, 1987), vol. I, pp. 111–15Google Scholar
, “Charles Quint et l’idée d’empire. Fêtes et cérémonies au temps de Charles Quint,” 11e congrès des historiens de la Renaissance (Paris, 1960)Google Scholar
, “The Habsburg World Empire and the Revival of Ghibellinism,” Medieval and Renaissance Studies 7 (1978): 93–127Google Scholar
, “Pluralist Myth and Nationalist Realities. The Dynastic Myth of the Habsburg Monarchy: A Futile Exercise in the Creation of Identity?” Austrian History Yearbook 35 (2004): 109–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Confessional Absolutism in the Habsburg Lands in the Seventeenth Century,” in (ed.), State and Society in Early Modern Austria (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1994), pp. 36–43Google Scholar
, War, Religion and Court Patronage in Habsburg Austria. The Social and Cultural Dimensions of Political Interaction, 1521–1622 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)Google Scholar
, “Baroque Absolutism (1620–1740),” in et al. (eds.), A History of the Czech Lands (Prague: Karolinium Press, 2009), pp. 240–42Google Scholar
, Léopold Ier (1640–1705). Fondateur de la puissance autrichienne (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2004), pp. 116–26Google Scholar
, Ausdrucksformen absolutischen Herrschaft. Der Wiener Hof in 17. und 18. Jahrhundert (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1980)Google Scholar
, The Glorification of Emperor Leopold I in Image, Spectacle and Text (Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zahern, 2000)Google Scholar
, “Modesty and Monarchy. Rethinking Empress Maria Theresa at Schonbrunn,” Austrian History Yearbook 35 (2004): 25–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Turkengefahr und Osterreichische Staatlichkeit,” Sudostdeutsches Arkhiv 10 (1967): 139Google Scholar
, “The Dynasty and the Imperial Idea,” in A Study in Austrian Intellectual History from Late Baroque to Romanticism (New York: Praeger, 1960), p. 49Google Scholar
, “Problem der Krise de Dualismus,” in and (eds.), Studien zum Geschichte der öesterreichisch-ungarnischen Monarchie (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1961), pp. 338–85Google Scholar
, “Der Monarch und seine Ratgeber,” in and (eds.), Die Habsburgermonarchie, 1848–1918. Verwaltung und Rechtwesen (Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1975), vol. II, pp. 64–65Google Scholar
, Reconstructing a National Identity. The Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I (Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 23Google Scholar
, The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph (Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 175–81Google Scholar
, Beyond the Pale. The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 371–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Das Leitbild des Burgerkonigtums in der europaischen Monarchie des 19. Jahrhunderts,” in (ed.), Hof, Kultur, und Politik im 19. Jahrhundert (Bonn: L. Röhrscheid, 1985), pp. 337–43Google Scholar
, “Was Joseph II an Enlightened Despot?” in and (eds.), The Austrian Enlightenment and its Aftermath (Edinburgh University Press, 1991), pp. 1–21Google Scholar
(ed.), “The Problem of Enlightened Absolutism,” in Enlightened Absolutism. Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth Century Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990), pp. 18–19
, The Well-Ordered Police State. Social and Intellectual Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600–1800 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983)Google Scholar
, Die österreichischer Kameralisten in dogmengeschichtler Darstellung, 2 vols. (Vienna: C. Konegen, [1920–26] 1967)Google Scholar
, “Justi in Austria. His Writings in the Context of Economic and Industrial Policies of the Habsburg Empire in the Eighteenth Century,” in (ed.), The Beginnings of Political Economy. Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (New York: Springer, 2009), pp. 147–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “China, the Confucian Ideal and the European Age of Enlightenment,” Journal of the History of Ideas 44 (1983): 523–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Joseph von Sonnenfels und die Vaterlandsliebe der Aufklärung,” in (ed.), Joseph von Sonnenfels (Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1988), pp. 157–69Google Scholar
, “Language and State Building. The Case of the Habsburg Monarchy,” Austrian History Yearbook 35 (2004): 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “‘Germans’ in the Habsburg Empire. Language, Imperial Ideology, National Identity and Assimilation,” in and (eds.), The Germans and the East (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2008), pp. 147–90Google Scholar
, “The Holy Crown of Hungary, Visible and Invisible,” Slavonic and East European Review 81(3) (July 2003): 421–507Google Scholar
, Millennium in Central Europe. A History of Hungary (Budapest: Atlantisz, 1999), pp. 285–90Google Scholar
, “Hungary and the Dual Monarchy, 1867–1890,” in , , and (eds.), A History of Hungary (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 254–58Google Scholar
, “Reasserting Empire. Habsburg Imperial Celebrations after the Revolutions of 1848–1849,” in and (eds.), Staging the Past. The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2001), pp. 13–45Google Scholar
, “Emperor, Church and People. Religion and Dynastic Loyalty during the Golden Jubilee of Franz Joseph,” Catholic Historical Review 76(1) (1990): 71–92Google Scholar
, “Khan or Basileus. An Aspect of Russian Medieval Political Theory,” Journal of the History of Ideas 20 (1959): 459–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Muscovy’s Conquest of Kazan. Two Views Reconciled,” Slavic Review 4 (1967): 541–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Royal Russian Behavior. Style and Self-Image,” in (ed.), Ethnic Russia: The USSR. The Decline of Dominance (New York: Pergamon Press, 1980), pp. 1–16Google Scholar
, “The Title of the Muscovite Monarch up to the End of the Seventeenth Century,” Canadian–American Slavic Studies 13 (1979): 59–81Google Scholar
, Russia’s Steppe Frontier. The Making of a Colonial Empire 1500–1800 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2002), p. 44Google Scholar
, “Translatio imperii? Beobachtungen zum historischen Selbstverständnis im Moskauer Zartum um die Mitte des 16 Jahrhunderts,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 35 (1987): 321–38Google Scholar
, Muscovy and the Mongols. Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589 (Cambridge University Press, 1998)Google Scholar
, Tsar and People. Studies in Russian Myths (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961)Google Scholar
, Razyskaniia v oblasti i predistorii russkoi kul’tury (Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kul’tury, 2002)Google Scholar
, Russkoe staroobriadchestvo. Dukhovnye dvizheniia semnadtsatogo veka (Munich: Fink, 1970), pp. 50–58Google Scholar
, Religion and Society in Russia. The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Oxford University Press, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kharakter otnoshenii Rossii k pravoslavnomu vostoku v XVI–XVII stoletiiakh (The Hague: Mouton, [1914] 1968)Google Scholar
, “Handmaiden of the State? The Church in Imperial Russia Reconsidered,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 36(1) (1985): 82–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Religious Toleration in Late Imperial Russia,” in and (eds.), Civil Rights in Imperial Russia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 103–19Google Scholar
, “Empire and the Confessional State. Islam and Religious Politics in Nineteenth Century Russia,” American Historical Review 108(1) (February 2003): 55–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Khristianizatsiia nerusskikh narodnostei kak odin iz metodov natsional’noi kolonial’noi politiki tsarizma v Tatarii,” in Materialy po istorii Tatarii (Kazan: Tatgosizdat, 1948), pp. 226–28Google Scholar
, “Les Missions orthodoxes en pays musulmans de moyenne-et basse-Volga,” Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique 8 (July–September 1967): 380–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Conversion of non-Christians in Early Modern Russia,” in and (eds.), Of Religion and Empire. Missions, Conversions and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), p. 121Google Scholar
, Russia’s Steppe Frontier. The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2002), pp. 192–93Google Scholar
, Where Two Worlds Met. The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), pp. 98, 145–46Google Scholar
, At the Margins of Orthodoxy. Mission, Governance and Confessional Politics in Russia’s Volga–Kama Region, 1827–1905 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 22Google Scholar
, “Religion and Russification. Russian Language and the Catholic Churches of the ‘Northwest Provinces’ after 1862,” Kritika 2(1) (Winter 2001): 87–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Russia Gathers Her Jews. The Origins of the “Jewish Question” in Russia, 1772–1825 (De Kalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986), p. 75Google Scholar
, Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth Century Russia (Cambridge University Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries. Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I (De Kalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997), pp. 185–86Google Scholar
, “Printing the Bible in the Reign of Alexander I. Toward a Reinterpretation of the Imperial Russian Bible Society,” in (ed.), Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine (London: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), pp. 65–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1952)Google Scholar
, A Parting of Ways. Government and the Educated Public in Russia, 1801–1855 (Oxford University Press, 1976), pp. 103–47Google Scholar
, The Origins of Modern Russian Education. An Intellectual Biography of Count Sergei Uvarov (De Kalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1984)Google Scholar
, Kormia dvuglavnogo orla. Literaturaia i gosudarstvennaia ideologiia v Rossii v poslednei treti XVIII–pervoi treti XIX veka (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2001)Google Scholar
(ed.), “The Politics of Imperialism,” in The Politics of Autocracy. Letters of Alexander II to Prince A. I. Bariatinskii 1857–1864 (The Hague: Mouton, 1966), pp. 69, 71
, “Activity of the Russian Orthodox Church among the Muslim Natives of the Caucasus in Imperial Russia,” Caucasus and Central Asia Newsletter 4 (Summer 2003): 9–19Google Scholar
, Window on the East. National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001)Google Scholar
, Holy Fathers, Secular Sons. Clergy Intelligentsia and the Modern Self in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), pp. 156–61Google Scholar
, Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 258–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Tsarstvovanie Aleksandra III,” in (ed.), Russkii konservatizm XIX stoletii. Ideologiia i praktika (Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 2000), pp. 331–39Google Scholar
, “The Idea of a Council in Russian Orthodoxy in 1905,” in and (eds.), Russian Orthodoxy under the Old Regime (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1978), pp. 192–93Google Scholar
, “Tserkov’, religiia, i politicheskaia kul’tura na zakate starogo rezhima,” in and (eds.), Reformy ili revoliutsiia? Rossiia, 1861–1917 (St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1992), pp. 31–42Google Scholar
, Features and Figures of the Past. Government and Opinion in the Reign of Nicholas II (Stanford University Press, 1939), pp. 551Google Scholar
, Byzanz und Rom im Kampf um die Ukraine, 955–1939 (Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1942), pp. 85–90Google Scholar
, Peter the Great. The Struggle for Power, 1671–1725 (Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 435–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Malorossiiskoe vlianie na velikorusskuiu tserkovnuiu zhizn’ (The Hague: Mouton, [1914] 1968), vol. I, pp. 459–60Google Scholar
, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 94–98Google Scholar
, “Politics and Technology in Eighteenth Century Russia,” Science in Context 8(2) (Summer 1995): 345–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Imagery (University of Chicago Press, 1997), esp. pp. 136–47Google Scholar
(ed.), “Nakaz Imperatritsy Ekateriny II, dannyi Kommissii o sochinenii proekta novogo ulozheniia,” in Pamiatniki russkogo zakonodatel’stva 1649–1832 gg (St. Petersburg, 1907), pp. cxxix–cxl
as Torguiushchee dvorianstvo protivu polozhenoe dvorianstvo voenomu (St. Petersburg, 1766)Google Scholar
, “Symvoly imperii: ekzoticheskie narody v Rossiiskoi imperii: ot etnicheskogo k prostranstvennomu podkhodu,” in et al. (eds.), Novaia imperskaia istoriia postsovetskogog prostranstva (Kazan: Tsentr issledovaniii nationalizma i imperii, 2004), pp. 409–26Google Scholar
, “Russification and the Bureaucratic Mind in the Russian Empire’s Northwestern Region in the 1860s,” Kritika 5(2) (Spring 2004): 245–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Did the Government Seek to Russify Lithuanians and Poles in the Northwest Territory after the Uprising of 1863–64?” Kritika 5(2) (Spring 2004): 273–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, The Ukrainian Question. The Russian Empire and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century (Budapest: CEU Press, 2003), pp. 19–48Google Scholar
, “Russification or Russifications?” in The Romanov Empire and Nationalism (Budapest: CEU Press, 2008), pp. 45–66Google Scholar
, From the Shadow of Empire. Defining the Russian Nation through Cultural Mythology, 1855–1870 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2010), pp. 26–52Google Scholar
(ed.), “Introduction,” in Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914 (Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 7–9
, “Uvarov and the ‘Western Provinces’: A Study of Russia’s Polish Problem,” Slavic and East European Review 64(2) (April 1986): 212–36Google Scholar
, Russian Orientalism. Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Prince Michael Vorontsov, Viceroy to the Tsar (Montreal: McGill and Queens University Press, 1990), p. iiiGoogle Scholar
, “The Remaking of the Lion of Daghestan. Shamil in Captivity,” Russian Review 53(3) (July 1994): 353–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Russian Imperialism. Popular, Emblematic, Ambiguous,” Russian Review 53(3) (July 1994): 334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Nineteenth Century Russian Mythologies of Caucasian Savagery,” in and (eds.), Russia’s Orient. Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997)Google Scholar
, Russian Literature and Empire. Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy (Cambridge University Press, 1994)Google Scholar
, “Literary Imperialism, Narodnost’ and Pushkin’s Invention of the Caucasus,” Russian Review 53(3) (July 1994): 336–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, A History of Russian Music. From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 80–83Google Scholar
“‘Entailing the Falconet’: Russian Musical Orientalism in Context,” Cambridge Opera Journal 4 (1992): 253–80
, Orientalism and Empire. North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845–1917 (Montreal: McGill and Queens University Press, 2002)Google Scholar
, Empire of Nations. Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005)Google Scholar
, “European, National and (Anti-)Imperial. The Formation of Academic Oriental Studies in Late Tsarist and Early Soviet Russia,” Kritika 9(1) (2008): 53–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Imperial Visions. Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840–1865 (Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 203–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Imperial Russia and its Orient. The Renown of Nikolai Przhevalsky,” Russian Review 53(3) (July 1994): 367–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire (London: Routledge-Curzon, 2003), pp. 49–51Google Scholar
wrote from Berlin about the “fears, rumors, suspicion, alarms against some terrible thing called by the mystical name of Panslavism.” Letter to Moskvitianin, No. 6 (1841): 515–25
, Zhizn’ i trudy M. P. Pogodina, 22 vols. (St. Petersburg: M. M. Stasiulevich, 1892), vol. VI, p. 139Google Scholar
, Pan-Slavism. Its History and Ideology (South Bend, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1953)Google Scholar
, The Emergence of Russian Panslavism 1856–1870 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956)Google Scholar
, Pobedonostsev. His Life and Thought (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1968)Google Scholar
, “A Century of a Phantom. Pan Slavism and the Western Slavs,” Journal of Central European Affairs 11 (1951): 57–77Google Scholar
, Der Panslawismus nach den Berichten der österreichisch-ungarischen Botshafter in St. Petersburg (Prague: Dt. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1944), pp. 16, 21–22Google Scholar
, The News under Russia’s Old Regime (Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 74–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Struve. Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 92Google Scholar
, United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia, 1900–1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russian Diplomacy and Eastern Europe, 1914–1917 (New York: King’s Crown Press, 1963)
, Okrainy rossiiskoi imperii. Gosudarstvennoe upravlenie i national’naia politika v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–1917) (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004)Google Scholar
, “Subversive Piety. Religion and the Political Crisis in Late Imperial Russia,” Journal of Modern History 3 (June 1996): 312–28Google Scholar
, “The Turko-Mongolian Monarchic Tradition in the Ottoman Empire,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3/4 (1979/80): 236–51Google Scholar
, “Ottoman History by Inner Asian Norms,” in and (eds.), New Approaches to State and Peasant in Ottoman History (London: Frank Cass, 1992), pp. 185–210Google Scholar
and , “Introduction,” in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society. The Central Lands (London: Holmes & Meier, 1982), vol. I, pp. 6–9Google Scholar
, Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire (Cambridge University Press 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Status of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch under the Ottomans,” in Essays in Ottoman History (Istanbul: Eren, 1998), pp. 196–97Google Scholar
, “Christians in a Changing World,” in (ed.), The Cambridge History of Turkey, vol. 3: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839 (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 186–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, An Inquiry into the Social Foundations of Nationalism in the Ottoman State. From Social Estates to Classes, From Millets to Nations (Princeton University Press, 1973), pp. 88–91Google Scholar
, “From Tâ’ife to Millet. Ottoman Terms for the Ottoman Greek Orthodox Community,” in and (eds.), Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism. Politics, Economy and Society in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1999), pp. 169–79Google Scholar
, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 142–44Google Scholar
, “Comments on ‘Sultanism.’ Max Weber’s Typification of the Ottoman Polity,” in Princeton Papers in Near Eastern Studies (1992): 49–72Google Scholar
Byzantium after Byzantium (Iaşi/Portland: Center for Romanian Studies, 2000)
, Architecture, Ceremonial and Power. The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 248Google Scholar
, Between Two Worlds. The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 148–49Google Scholar
, “Istanbul,” in , , and , The Ottoman City between East and West, Aleppo, Izmir and Istanbul (Cambridge University Press, 1999)Google Scholar
, Constantinopolis/Istanbul. Cultural Encounter, Imperial Vision and the Construction of the Ottoman Capital (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2009), pp. 128–29Google Scholar
, “Crisis and Change, 1590–1699,” in et al. (eds.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, vol. 2: 1600–1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 609–20Google Scholar
, Honored by the Glory of Islam. Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe (Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 25–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Ottoman Borderlands. Issues, Personalities and Political Changes (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), pp. 187–94Google Scholar
, “Khalifa,” Encyclopedia of Islam, new edn (Leiden: Brill, 1986), vol. IV/2, pp. 946–50Google Scholar
, “Perspectives on Süleynab,” in and (eds.), Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age. The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World (London: Longman, 1995), pp. 164–67Google Scholar
, “‘Russian Skill and Turkish Imbecility.’ The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji Reconsidered,” Slavic Review 35(3) (September 1976): 463–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917. The Geopolitics of Expansionism and Containment (Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 107Google Scholar
(ed.), Recueil d’actes internationaux de l’empire Ottoman (Paris: Pichon, 1897), pp. 338–44
in his extensive review of Russian foreign policy for the future Nicholas I. “Aperçu des transactions politiques du Cabinet de Russie,” Sbornik imperatorskogo russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva 31 (1880): 210Google Scholar
, “The Treaty of Kuchuk Kaynardja. A Note on its Italian Text,” International History Review 10(4) (November 1988): 611–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kiuchuk-Kainardzhiiskii mir 1774 goda. Ego podgotovka i zakliuchenie (Moscow: Nauka, 1955), pp. 278–307Google Scholar
, “Policy Traditions and the Menshikov Mission of 1853,” in (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Washington and Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson Center and Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 119–58Google Scholar
, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 (Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 52–55Google Scholar
, The Development of Secularism in Turkey (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1964), pp. 148–53Google Scholar
, “Islam and the Age of Ottoman Reform,” Past and Present 208 (August 2010): 183–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Ignatiev and the Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate, 1864–1872. A Study in Personal Diplomacy (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970)Google Scholar
, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought. A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas (Princeton University Press, 1962)Google Scholar
, “The Social and Political Foundations of Nationalism in South East Europe After 1878,” in Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History. Selected Articles and Essays (Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp. 352–84Google Scholar
, The Politicization of Islam. Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith and Community in the Late Ottoman State (Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 107–13Google Scholar
, The Politics of Pan-Islam. Ideology and Organization (Oxford University Press, 1990), esp. pp. 13–72Google Scholar
, The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1954), pp. 59–64Google Scholar
’s agents. Mission to Turkestan, 1908–09. Being the Memoirs of K. K. Pahlen, ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 46–52Google Scholar
, The Well-Protected Domains. Ideology and the Legitimization of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909 (London: Tauris, 1998), pp. 17–42Google Scholar
, “Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State. The Reign of Abdülhamid II (1876–1909),” in The Ottomans, the Turks and World Power Politics (Istanbul: Isis Press, 2000), pp. 86–87Google Scholar
, “The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians,” in The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1983), vol. 3, pp. 136–48Google Scholar
, Iranian History and Politics. The Dialectic of State and Society (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003)Google Scholar
, Islam after the Turkish Invasion (Prolegomena), trans. and ed. (Salt Lake City, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1993)Google Scholar
, God’s Unruly Friends. Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period, 1200–1550 (Salt Lake City, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1994)Google Scholar
, “Gosudarstva Azerbaizhana v XV v,” in Sbornik statei po istorii Azerbaizhana (Baku: Akademiia Nauk Azerbaizhanskoi SSR 1949), vol. I, pp. 197–210Google Scholar
, “Études Safavides. Shah Isma’il et les notables de l’Iraq persan,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 2(1) (January 1959): 37–81Google Scholar
, “Études Safavides. L’avénement des Safavides reconsideré,” Moyen Orient et Océan Indien 5 (1988): 1–130Google Scholar
, A Culture of Sufism. Naqshebandi in the Ottoman World, 1450–1700 (Albany, NY: State University of New York, 2005), pp. 24–26Google Scholar
, “The Safavid–Ottoman Frontier: Iraq-i Arab as Seen by the Safavids,” in with (eds.), Ottoman Borderlands. Issues, Personalities and Political Changes (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), pp. 157–66Google Scholar
, The Mantle of the Prophet. Religion and Politics in Iran, new edn (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 97Google Scholar
, “Sufis, Dervishes and Mullas. The Controversy over Spiritual and Temporal Dominion in Seventeenth Century Iran,” Pembroke Papers 4 (1996): 117–19Google Scholar
, “Social Change in Persia in the Nineteenth Century,” in Qajar Persia. Eleven Studies (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1987), pp. 194–95Google Scholar
, “The Pilgrimage to Mashad in 1601,” in Safavid Persia. The History and Politics of an Islamic Society (London: Tauris, 1996), pp. 192–99Google Scholar
, “Between Paradise and Political Capital. The Semiotics of Safavid Isfahan,” Middle Eastern Natural Environments. Lessons and Legacies, Bulletin 103 (1998): 330–45Google Scholar
, “Launching from Isfahan. Slaves and the Construction of the Empire,” in et al. (eds.), Slaves of the Shah. New Elites of Safavid Iran (London: Tauris, 2004), pp. 80–88Google Scholar
, The Structure of Central Authority in Qajar Iran, 1871–1896 (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1997), pp. 1–8Google Scholar
, “Oriental Despotism. The Case of Qajar Iran,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 5 (1974): 3–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Religion and State in Iran, 1785–1806. The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1969)Google Scholar
(ed.), Scholars, Saints and Sufis. Muslim Religious Institutions since 1500 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972)
, Iran’s First Revolution. Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1909 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 21Google Scholar
, “Inside the Court of Naser od-Din Qajar, 1881–1896. The Life and Diary of Mohammad Hasan Khan E’temad os-Saltaneh (Iran),” Middle Eastern Studies 37(1) (January 2001): 14Google Scholar
, Pivot of the Universe. Nasir Al-Din Shah and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 19–20Google Scholar
, “Emperor as Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Ch’ing Empire,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1 (June 1978): 5–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Passage to Power. K’ang-hsi and His Heir Apparent (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979)Google Scholar
, “The Diachronics of Early Qing Visual and Material Culture,” in (ed.), The Qing Formation in World Historical Time (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 310–16Google Scholar
, “Spatial Order and Police in Imperial Beijing,” Journal of Asian Studies 52(4) (November 1993): 890–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Peking. Temples and City Life, 1400–1900 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001)Google Scholar
, “An Introduction to the Qing Foundation Myth,” Late Imperial China 14(1) (1985): 13–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “A Profile of the Manchu Language in Ch’ing History,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 53(1) (1993): 63–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, A Translucent Mirror. History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 256–59Google Scholar
(ed.), The Confucian Persuasion (Stanford University Press, 1962)
, Escape from Predicament. Neo-Confucianism and China’s Evolving Political Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977)Google Scholar
, The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism. The T’ung Chich Restoration, 1862–1874 (Stanford University Press, 1957)Google Scholar
, The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial China. Ethics, Classics and Lineage (Stanford University Press, 1994)Google Scholar
, “Manzhou Yuanli Kao and Formalization of the Manchu Heritage,” Journal of Asian Studies 46(4) (1987): 761–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Shamanic Practices and the State in Northern Asia. Views from the Center and Periphery,” in and (eds.), Shamanism, History and the State (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1996), pp. 191–228Google Scholar
, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890–1907 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 7–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Tseng Kuo-fan in Peking, 1840–1852. His Ideas on Statecraft and Reform,” Journal of Asian Studies 27(1) (November 1967): 61–80Google Scholar
, “The Limits of Reformism. Wei Yüan’s Reaction to Western Intrusion,” Modern Asian Studies 6(2) (April 1972): 175–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Reform Movement, the Monarchy and Political Modernity,” in and (eds.), Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period. Political and Cultural Change in Late Qing China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 20–21Google Scholar
, “Creating Virtuous and Talented Officials for the Twentieth Century. Discourse and Practice in Xinzheng China,” Modern Asian Studies 37(4) (2003): 834–37, 848–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Mao’s Revolution and Chinese Political Culture (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1970), p. 92Google Scholar
, Orphan Warriors. Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World (Princeton University Press, 1990)Google Scholar
, Chinese Intellectuals and the Revolution of 1911. The Birth of Chinese Radicalism (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1969)Google Scholar
, “The Arts and Social Prestige in Poland between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in (ed.), A Republic of Nobles. Studies in Polish History to 1864 (Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 153–78Google Scholar
, “Obsequious Disrespect. The Problem of Royal Power in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Vasas, 1587–1668,” in (ed.), The Polish–Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context c. 1500–1795 (New York: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 159–68Google Scholar
, especially The Lost World of the “Sarmatians.” Custom as the Regulation of Polish Social Life in the Early Modern Times (Warsaw: Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, 1996)Google Scholar
, Polish freedoms of the sixteenth century were of the ancient republican tradition of collective decision making and not the modern freedoms of private rights. “The Political Heritage of the Sixteenth Century and its Influence on the Nation-Building Ideologies of the Polish Enlightenment and Romanticism,” in (ed.), The Polish Renaissance in its European Context (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988), pp. 34–38Google Scholar
, “Le Sarmatisme et le problème d’Europésation de la Pologne,” in (ed.), La Pologne et la Hongrie (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1981), pp. 113–20Google Scholar
, Poland between East and West. The Controversies over Self-Definition and Modernization in Partitioned Poland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 9–11Google Scholar
, A Suburb of Europe. Nineteenth Century Approaches to Western Civilization (Budapest: CEU Press, 1999)Google Scholar
, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism. The Case of Poland (Oxford University Press, 1982)Google Scholar
, “Between Imperial Temptations and Anti-imperial Function in Eastern European Politics. Poland from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-First Century,” in (ed.), Emerging Meso-Areas in the Former Socialist Countries. Histories Revived or Improvised? (Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 2005), p. 250Google Scholar
, Mezhdu Rimom i Tsargradom. Gnezis Brestskoi tserkovnoi unii (Moscow: Izd. Moskovskogo Universiteta, 2003), pp. 265–73Google Scholar
, The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine (Oxford University Press, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Problem of Nobilities in the Ukrainian Past. The Polish Period, 1569–1648,” in (ed.), Rethinking Ukrainian History (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1981), pp. 36–41Google Scholar
, Borderlands of Western Civilization. A History of East Central Europe (New York: Ronald Press, 1952), pp. 181–85Google Scholar
, After the Deluge. Poland–Lithuania and the Second Northern War 1655–1660 (Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Pan-Islam as Proto-Nationalism,” Journal of Modern History 1 (March 1969): 17–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, The Socialism of Fools. Georg Ritter von Schönerer and Austrian Pan-Germanism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1975)Google Scholar
, The Serbs and Russian Pan-Slavism, 1875–1878 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1967)Google Scholar
, Travels in Central Asia. Being an Account of a Journey from Teheran Across the Turkomen Desert at the Eastern Shore of the Caspian to Khiva, Bokhara and Samarkand Performed in the Year 1863 (New York: Praeger, [1864] 1970), pp. 435–36Google Scholar
, “The Jādid Response to Pressure for Change in the Modern Age,” in (ed.), Muslims in Central Asia. Expressions of Identity and Change (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 151–66Google Scholar
, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform. Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998), p. 93Google Scholar
, “Buffers, not Brethren. Young Turk Military Policy in the First World War and the Myth of Panturanism,” Past and Present 203 (May 2009): 137–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar