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17 - The use of area–time closures as a tool to manage cetacean-watch tourism

from Part III - Ecological dimensions of whale-watching

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2014

By
Julian Tyne ,
Neil Loneragan  and
Lars Bejder
Edited by
James Higham ,
Lars Bejder  and
Rob Williams
Julian Tyne
Affiliation:
Murdoch University,Western Australia
Neil Loneragan
Affiliation:
Murdoch University,Western Australia
Lars Bejder
Affiliation:
Murdoch University, Western Australia
James Higham
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Lars Bejder
Affiliation:
Murdoch University, Western Australia
Rob Williams
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews, Scotland
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Summary

Introduction

The world's oceans have been exploited for generations. In some cases, this has led to the removal of top predators from ecosystems, resulting in a cascading effect through trophic levels altering ecosystems and restructuring food webs (Pauly et al., 2002; Myers & Worm, 2003). Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) have also been targeted, mainly for their meat and oil, and some populations being driven close to extinction. Fortunately, attitudes towards cetaceans have changed over the past two decades, and rather than harvest them, it is now more desirable to observe them in their natural environment (Bearzi et al., 2010). Today, cetaceans are icons for marine conservation efforts. The USA was the first country to introduce legislation to protect marine mammals through the Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972 (MMPA). The MMPA was designed to minimize the capture or ‘take’, harassment and disturbance of marine mammals, primarily from fishing operations as by-catch and from cetacean hunting. The MMPA defines the term ‘take’ as ‘hunting, killing, capture and harassment of a marine mammal or the attempt thereof’. Since the declaration of the MMPA, other countries have adopted their own legislation, e.g. The Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 in New Zealand and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 in Australia.

Type
Chapter
Information
Whale-watching
Sustainable Tourism and Ecological Management
 , pp. 242 - 260
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

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