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II.C.7 - Fungi

from II.C - Important Vegetable Supplements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Sheldon Aaronson
Edited by
Kenneth F. Kiple  and
Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas
Kenneth F. Kiple
Affiliation:
Bowling Green State University, Ohio
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Summary

Definitions

Fungi are uninucleate or multinucleate, eukaryotic organisms with nuclei scattered in a walled and often septate mycelium (the vegetative part of a fungus). Nutrition is heterotrophic (at least one or more organic molecules required), and fungi usually obtain their nutrients by way of diffusion or active transport. They lack chlorophyll but may have other pigments such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and so forth.

The true fungi, Eumycota, are grouped into five divisions:

  1. Mastigomycotina (aquatic or zoospore-producing fungi) – unicellular or mycelial (coenocytic, no intercellular walls); motile, uni- or biflagellate zoospores during life cycle.

  2. Zygomycotina – coenocytic mycelium; sexual state (teleomorph) spores are zygospores which may be absent; asexual state (anamorph) is predominant stage consisting of uni- or multispored sporangia.

  3. Ascomycotina – mycelium unicellular to multicellular; regularly septate; asexual state often present; sexual state spores are ascospores formed inside an ascus (sac); no motile state.

  4. Basidiomycotina – mycelium unicellular to multicellular, regularly septate; conidial asexual state common; sexual state and motile cells absent.

  5. Deuteromycotina – unicellular to multicellular mycelia; regularly septate; conidial asexual state common; no sexual state; no motile cells (O'Donnell and Peterson 1992).

D. L. Hawksworth, B. C. Sutton, and G.A. Ainsworth (1983) have estimated that there are about 250,000 species of fungi, of which Mastigomycotina composes 1.8 percent, Zygomycotina 1.2 percent, Ascomycotina about 45 percent, Basidiomycotina about 25.2 percent, and Deuteromycotina about 26.8 percent.

listed. Yeasts are single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or fission, or sexually through ascospore formation. The term “mushroom” refers to those macrofungi (visible to the naked eye) with edible fruiting bodies (sporophores), whereas “toadstool” refers to macrofungi with toxic fruiting bodies; both mushrooms and toadstools are found in more than one of the fungal divisions (Hawksworth et al. 1983; Koivikko and Savolainen 1988).

Type
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The Cambridge World History of Food , pp. 313 - 335
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

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