Introduction

The following is a compendium of numerous treaties and discussions. In the past several decades, they have been rigorously explored worldwide. As a result of significant advances in computers and communication technologies, smart grid systems construction worldwide has gone through numerous developmental changes.

In view of accelerated proliferation of large-scale solar and wind power installations worldwide, existing electrical power transmission lines and grids can no longer sustain the extended burden of additional power transmission capacity. In addition, existing grid networks lack intelligence to regulate and manage dynamic supply and demand loads essential for solar and wind energy power generation systems interconnection.

The principal objective of smart grid systems is to deliver electricity from various sources of supplies such as electrical power generating stations and geothermal, wind, and solar power farms to consumers. These supplies use two-way digital technologies to control end user loads such as appliances at consumers’ homes to save energy, reduce cost, and increase reliability and transparency. In essence, smart grid systems overlay electrical distribution grids with an information and net metering system. Currently, such grid modernizations are being promoted worldwide as a means for addressing energy independence, global warming, and national security.