Azzam, F.S., “Update: The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens’ Rights”, (1998) 20 (2) Human Rights Quarterly338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brodie, M., “Progressing Norm Socialisation: Why Membership Matters. The Impact of the Accreditation Process of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights”, (2011) 80 Nordic Journal of International Law143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burdekin, B., National Human Rights Institutions in the Asia-Pacific Region (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2007).Google Scholar

Cardenas, S., “Emerging Global Actors: The United Nations and National Human Rights Institutions”, (2003) 9 Global Governance23.Google Scholar

Cardenas, S., “National Human Rights Institutions and State Compliance”, in Goodman, R. and Pegram, T. (eds.), Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012) 29.Google Scholar

Carver, R., “One NHRI or Many? How Many Institutions Does It Take to Protect Human Rights? – Lessons from the European Experience”, (2011) 3 (1) Journal of Human Rights Practice1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carver, R., “National Human Rights Institutions in Central and Eastern Europe: The Ombudsman as Agent of International Law”, in Goodman, R. and Pegram, T., Human Rights, State Compliance and Social Change. Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012) 181.Google Scholar

Carver, R., and Korotaev, A., Assessing the Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions (Bratislava: UNDP, 2007).Google Scholar

Chelimsky, E., “Thoughts for a New Evaluation Society”, (1997) 3 Evaluation97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dam, S., “Lessons from National Human Rights Institutions Around the World for State and Local Human Rights Commissions in the United States”, Executive Session Papers, August 2007 (on file with authors).

Dickson, B., “The Contribution of Human Rights Commissions to the Protection of Human Rights”, [2003] Public Law 272.

de Camperio, A., “The Ombudsman’s Relations with the Media”, in Danish Centre for Human Rights, The Work and Practice of Ombudsman and National Human Rights Institutions, Articles and Studies (Copenhagen: Danish Centre for Human Rights, 2002) 17.Google Scholar

de Beco, G., “National Human Rights Institutions in Europe”, (2007) 7 (2) Human Rights Law Review331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Beco, G., “Article 33 (2) of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Another Role for National Human Rights Institutions?”, (2011) 29 (1) Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Beco, G., “Networks of European National Human Rights Institutions”, (2008) 14 (6) European Law Journal860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Beco, G., “La contribution des institutions nationales des droits de l’homme au renforcement de l’efficacité de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme”, (2009) 77 Revue trimestrielle des droits de l’homme165.Google Scholar

de Beco, G., Non-judicial Mechanisms for the Implementation of Human Rights in European States (Brussels: Bruylant 2010).Google Scholar

de Beco, G., “The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the Protection and Promotion of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Historical, Theoretical and Critical Perspectives”, in Brems, E., Vandenhole, W. and de Beco, G. (eds.), National Human Rights Institutions and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Antwerp: Intersentia 2013) 7.Google Scholar

de Beco, G., “Human Rights Indicators: From Theoretical Debate to Practical Application”, (2013) 5 (2) Journal of Human Rights Practice380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Beco, G., and Hoefmans, A., “National Structures for the Implementation and Monitoring of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities”, in de G. Beco, G. (ed.), Article 33 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: National Structures for the Implementation and Monitoring of the Convention (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff 2013) 11.Google Scholar

Eklundh, C., “The Independence of the Ombudsman”, in Danish Centre for Human Rights, The Work and Practice of Ombudsman and National Human Rights Institutions, Articles and Studies (Copenhagen: Danish Centre for Human Rights 2002) 13.Google Scholar

Garrido, A.-M., and Kofod Olson, B., “Coordination of the Work of NHRIs – From Liaison to Joint Achievements”, in Jørgensen, R.F. and Slavensky, K. (eds.), Implementing Human Rights. Essays in Honour of Morten Kjaerum (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Human Rights 2007) 190.Google Scholar

Gomez, M., “Social Economic Rights and Human Rights Commissions”, (1995) 17 Human Rights Quarterly155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodman, R., and Pegram, T. (eds.), Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

Goodman, R., and Pegram, T., “Introduction: National human rights institutions, State Conformity, and Social Change”, in Goodman, R. and Pegram, T. (eds.), Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change. Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012) 1.Google Scholar

Hatchard, J., The Inter-Relationship between Commonwealth Human Rights Commissions and other National Human Rights Institutions, British Council, July 2003 (on file with author).

Hathaway, O., “Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?”, (2002) 111 Yale Law Journal1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heyns, C., and Viljoen, F., “The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level”, (2001) 23 Human Rights Quarterly483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hudson, A., Organising NGOs International Advocacy: Organisational Structures and Organisational Effectiveness, Presented at the NGOs in a Global Future Conference, University of Birmingham, 11–13 January 1999.Google Scholar

Kjaerum, M., National Human Rights Institutions Implementing Human Rights (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2003) (reproduced in M. Bergsmo (ed.), Human Rights and Criminal Justice for the Downtrodden. Essays in Honour of Asbjørn Eide (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2003) 631.Google Scholar

Kjaerum, M., “State Reports”, in Alfredsson, G. et al. (eds.), International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms. Essays in Honour of Jakob Th. Möller (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2009) 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kumar, C.R., “National Human Rights Institutions: Good Governance Perspectives on Institutionalization of Human Rights”, (2003) 19 (2) American University International Law Review259.Google Scholar

Kumar, C.R., “National Human Rights Institutions and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Towards the Institutionalization and Developmentalization of Human Rights”, (2006) 8 Human Rights Quarterly755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lindsnaes, B., and Lindholt, L., “National Human Rights Institutions – Standard Setting and Achievements”, in Lindsnaes, B., Lindholt, L. and Yigen, K. (eds.), National Human Rights Institutions. Articles and Working Papers: Input into the Discussions on the Establishment and Development of the Functions of National Human Rights Institutions (Copenhagen: Danish Centre of Human Rights, 2000) 1.Google Scholar

Lindsnaes, B., Lindholt, L. and Yigen, K. (eds.), National Human Rights Institutions. Articles and Working Papers: Input into the Discussions on the Establishment and Development of the Functions of National Human Rights Institutions (Copenhagen: Danish Centre of Human Rights, 2000).

Livingstone, S., “The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission”, (1999) 22 Fordham International Law Journal1465.Google Scholar

Mertus, J., “Evaluating NHRIs: Considering Structure, Mandate and Impact”, in Goodman, R. and Pegram, T. (eds.), Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change. Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012) 74.Google Scholar

Mohamedou, M.-M., “The Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions”, in Lindsnaes, B., Lindholt, L. and Yigen, K. (eds.), National Human Rights Institutions. Articles and Working Papers: Input into the Discussions on the Establishment and Development of the Functions of National Human Rights Institutions (Copenhagen: Danish Centre of Human Rights, 2000) 49.Google Scholar

Muller, A., and Seidensticker, F., The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the United Nations Treaty Body Process (Berlin: German Institute for Human Rights, December 2007).Google Scholar

Murray, R., The Role of National Human Rights Institutions at the International Level and Regional Levels. The Experience of Africa (Oxford/Portland: Hart Publishing, 2007).Google Scholar

Murray, R., “National Human Rights Institutions: Criteria and Factors for Assessing their Effectiveness”, (2007) 25 (2) Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murray, R., “The Relationship Between Parliaments and National Human Rights Institutions”, in Morison, J., McEvoy, K. and Anthony, G. (eds.), Judges, Transition, and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 357.Google Scholar

Newburn, T., “What Do We Mean by Evaluation”, (2001) 15 Children and Society5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nowicki, M., and Fialova, Z., Human Rights Monitoring (Warsaw: Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, 2001).Google Scholar

Nowosad, O., “National Institutions and the Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”, in Ramcharan, B. (ed.), The Protection Role of National Human Rights Institutions (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2005) 179–92.Google Scholar

Okafor, O.C., and Agbakwa, S.C., “On Legalism, Popular Agency and ‘Voices of Suffering’: The Nigerian National Human Rights Commission in Context”, (2002) 24 Human Rights Quarterly662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Papadopoulos, Y., “Problems of Democratic Accountability in Network and Multilevel Governance”, (2007) 13 European Law Journal469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pegram, T., “Diffusion Across Political Systems: The Global Spread of National Human Rights Institutions”, (2010) 32 Human Rights Quarterly729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pityana, B., “National Institutions at Work: The Case of the South African Human Rights Commission”, in Hossain, K., Besselink, L.F.M., Selassie, H.S.G. and Volker, E. (eds.), Human Rights Commissions and Ombudsman Offices. National Experiences Throughout the World (Dordrecht: Kluwer Law International, 2000) 627.Google Scholar

Qafisheh, M., “Defining the Role of National Human Rights Institutions with Regard to the United Nations”, (2004) 36 Legal Reports Series of the Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens’ Rights (PICCR)1, available at .Google Scholar

Reif, L., “Building Democratic Institutions: The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in Good Governance and Human Rights Protection”, (2000) 13 Harvard Human Rights Journal1.Google Scholar

Reif, L., “Boundaries of NHRI Definition”, in Goodman, R. and Pegram, T. (eds.), Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change. Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012) 52.Google Scholar

Rosenblum, P., “Tainted Origins and Uncertain Outcomes”, in Goodman, R. and Pegram, T., Human Rights, State Compliance and Social Change. Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012) 297.Google Scholar

Seidensticker, L., Examination of State Reporting by Human Rights Treaty Bodies. An Example of Follow-Up at the National Level by National Human Rights Institutions (Berlin: German Institute for Human Rights, 2005).Google Scholar

Sidoti, C., “National Human Rights Institutions and the International Human Rights System”, in Goodman, R. and Pegram, T. (eds.), Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change. Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012) 93.Google Scholar

Smith, A., “Access to Intervene: The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission and the Northern Ireland Act 1998”, (2003) 4 European Human Rights Law Review423.Google Scholar

Smith, A., “The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?”, (2006) 28 Human Rights Quarterly904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wouters, J., and Meuwissen, K. (eds.), National Human Rights Institutions in Europe: Comparative, European and International Perspectives (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2013).

Belgrade Principles on the Relationship between National Human Rights Institutions and Parliaments, Belgrade, 22–23 February 2012.

Principles Relating to the Status and Functioning of National Institutions for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, Commission Resolution 1992/54, E/CN.4/RES/1992/54; UN GA Resolution 48/134, A/RES/48/134.

ICC, SCA General Observations (May 2013).

Marrakech Statement on Strengthening the Relationship between NHRIs and the Human Rights Treaty Body System, Marrakech, 9–10 June 2010.

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation No. 17: Establishment of National Institutions to Facilitate Implementation of the Convention, March 1993, A/48/18, 25.

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 10, The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 10 December 1998, HRI/GEN/Rev. 7.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 2, The Role of Independent National Human Rights Institutions in the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of the Child, 15 November 2002, CRC/GC/2002/2.

UNDP, OHCHR, APF, Capacity Assessment for National Human Rights Institutions (UNDP, December 2012).

OHCHR, Professional Training Series No. 4 (Rev. 1), National Human Rights Institutions. A Handbook on the Establishment and Strengthening of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (New York/Geneva: UN, 1995).Google Scholar

OHCHR, Professional Training Series No. 4, National Human Rights Institutions. History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities (Geneva: UN, 2010).Google Scholar

OHCHR, Report on Implementation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 8 June 2009, E/2009/90.

SPT, Guidelines on National Preventive Mechanisms, 9 December 2010, CAT/OP/12/5.

UNDP-OHCHR, Toolkit for Collaboration with National Human Rights Institutions (New-York/Geneva: UNDP/Geneva, 2010).

Amnesty International, Amnesty International’s Recommendations on Effective Protection and Promotion of Human Rights (London: Amnesty International, 2001), available at .Google Scholar

Commonwealth Secretariat, National Human Rights Institutions. Best Practice (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2001).Google Scholar

Equitas, Equality for Women: A Handbook for NHRIs on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Montreal: Equitas International Centre for Human Rights Education, 2008), .Google Scholar

EU Fundamental Rights Agency, National Human Rights Institutions in the EU Member States. (Strengthening the Fundamental Rights Architecture in the EU I) (Vienna: FRA, 2010).

EU Fundamental Rights Agency, Handbook on the Establishment and Accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions in the European Union (Vienna: FRA, 2012).Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch, Protectors or Pretenders? Government Human Rights Commissions in Africa (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2001).Google Scholar

International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP), Performance and Legitimacy: National Human Rights Institutions, 2nd edn (Versoix: ICHRP, 2004).Google Scholar

International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP) and OHCHR, Assessing the Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions (Versoix/Geneva: ICHRP/OHCHR, 2005).Google Scholar

Joint Committee on Human Rights, Fourteenth Report. Work of the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (House of Lords, House of Commons: 15 July 2003, HL 142, HC 132).