One of the organising principles of the first edition of this book was that metadata could be categorised by purpose. The original five purposes reflected the preoccupations of information professionals in the early 2000s. Many of these purposes have stood up to scrutiny and Part II builds on that model, but with six purposes. This part of the book starts with resource identification and description (Chapter 5) as before. Chapter 6 looks at information retrieval and the impact that metadata has on it. It necessarily discusses retrieval theory moving beyond the measures of precision and recall that were discussed in the first edition. This part then moves on to ‘Managing information resources’ (Chapter 7) and looks at the role of metadata in managing the information lifecycle. Chapter 8 considers intellectual property rights, including provenance. Previously there was a chapter on e-commerce and this has been developed into a description of the role of metadata supporting e-commerce and e-government (Chapter 9). It is illustrated with examples from the book trade (ONIX), e-learning environments and research data (including ‘big data’). The final chapter in Part II is about information governance (Chapter 10), dealing with ethical and regulatory issues. Risk is used as a lens through which to view regulation and governance.