A major issue in mid-19th-century European politics was the ‘Schleswig-Holstein question’, of which the later British Prime Minister and former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston is famously alleged to have said:

The disputed matters in fact involved the succession to the dukedoms of Schleswig and Holstein, and the conflicting interests of the Danish crown and Prussian/German nationalists. The anecdote of Palmerston's quip is, alas, probably apocryphal: it emerged in the earlier twentieth century, when, not least in the shadow of the Great War, it was intellectually fashionable to caricature the Victorian statesman as a laconic patrician (Grant Robertson 1918, 156; Strachey 1921, 308; cf. Lorne 1892, 210 and 221–2). The Anglo-Frisian question may not be as arcane as the Schleswig-Holstein question, nor as amenable to exploitation for either political or satirical ambitions of this scale. Nonetheless the analogy is more than merely playful, in that clarifying what exactly the problem is, is indeed the key issue.

Of course, there cannot be just one question, or one answer. On the contrary, even the most superficial idea of what might be meant by the Anglo-Frisian question is likely to involve recognition of the fact that close similarities between England and Frisia, two areas only around a hundred sea-miles apart across the North Sea, exist in quite diverse features of the populations and their cultures: their language; aspects of their material culture; their early laws; and more. An initial proposal for how to formulate the question could therefore be whether there is any deeper explanation for these similarities other than proximity. Is there, very simply, anything special in the relationship, either in terms of its origins or in terms of its role? After all, both England and Frisia have long been equally close neighbours to the French people and state, and to the Francophone Continent, yet with clear contrasts in most of the cultural characteristics which can be claimed to show some degree of ‘Anglo-Frisian’ relationship.