Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T14:48:22.980Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Rudists of Tibet and the Tarim Basin, China: Significance to Requieniidae phylogeny

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2017

Robert W. Scott ,
Xiaqiao Wan ,
Jingeng Sha  and
Shi-Xuan Wen
Robert W. Scott
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104,
Xiaqiao Wan
Affiliation:
China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
Jingeng Sha
Affiliation:
LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing
Shi-Xuan Wen
Affiliation:
LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Rudists are a principal biotic component of Cretaceous carbonates in Tibet and in the Western Tarim Basin. Barremian to Maastrichtian carbonate units are widespread on the northern margin of the Indian Plate and in Tethyan tectonic slices that were welded onto Eurasia in successive stages during the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene. In far northwestern Tibet, Barremian-Cenomanian endemic rudists and cosmopolitan orbitolinid foraminifera occupied isolated carbonate platforms in the eastern Tethys. Rudists, corals, and stromatoporoids composed bioherms up to 10 m thick and several kilometers in lateral extent. A unique endemic requieniid rudist, Rutonia, is compared to morphologically similar but older, less derived genera. Associated specimens in this assemblage are indeterminate requieniid valves, monopleurids, and two genera with three radiolitid species that are re-described and taxonomic positions re-evaluated. In southern Tibet, mainly endemic Campanian-Maastrichtian radiolitid rudists and cosmopolitan larger benthic foraminifera contributed to carbonate shelves on the northern Indian Plate near the Cretaceous equator. In the Western Tarim Basin Cenomanian strata yield Tethyan rudist species.

Coiling morphometric analysis using the three-dimensional morphology Raup diagram shows that Requieniidae valves in contact with the substrate are convergent with the basic gastropod shell. More derived strongly coiled, younger requieniids were adapted to encrusting or semi-infaunal habits. Stratigraphic analysis confirms that Requieniidae diversity crises coincided with Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events

Two end members of valve geometry each appear to be primitive and derived characters respectively and separate the family Requieniidae into two clades that are here recognized as two new subfamilies. The end members are defined by the coiling geometry, whether the spire is close to the plane of commissure or it is translated along the coiling axis and by myophore structures. The older matheroniform clade has a low spirogyrate LV that is translated slightly from the commissure along the coiling axis; this group is composed of Matheronia (and its subgenus Monnieria), Hypelasma, Lovetchenia, Rutonia, and Kugleria. Genera in the younger clade have a tall trochospiral LV that is translated along the coiling axis and consists of Requienia, Toucasia, Pseudotoucasia, Apricardia, Bayleoidea, and Bayleia. Claditics support these relationships.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 84 , Issue 3 , May 2010 , pp. 444 - 465
Copyright
Copyright © 2010, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adkins, W. S. 1930. New rudistids from the Texas and Mexican Cretaceous. Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas Bulletin 3001: 77–137.Google Scholar
Astre, G. 1954. Radiolitidés nord-pyrénéens. Société géologique de France, Mémoires, 36: 1–130.Google Scholar
Bobkova, N. N. 1961. Stratigraphy and mollusc lamellibranchiata of the Upper Cretaceous in the Tajik depression. Trudy vsesojuznogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo geologicheskogo Instituta (VSEGEI), 54: 1–190. (in Russian)Google Scholar
BOUWMAN, L. A. H. 1938. Sur un genre nouveau (Kugleria) de la familie des requienidés pachyodontes. Akademie Nederland Wetenschaft, Proceedings, 41: 418–429.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R. 1933. The evolutionary history of the rudists with a report of the demonstration at the British Museum (Natural History), on Saturday, February 17th, 1933. Proceedings of the Geologist's Association, 44: 379–388.Google Scholar
D'Archiac, E. J. A. 1837. Memoire sur la formacion cretace du sud-ouest de la France. Société géologique de France, Memoire No. 2(7): 157–193.Google Scholar
Dechaseaux, C. and Coogan, A. H. 1969. Family Radiolitidae Gray, 1848, p. N803–N817. In Cox, L. R. et al., (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. N. Mollusca 6. Bivalvia, Vol. 2. Geological Society of American and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Dechaseaux, C. and Perkins, B. F. 1969. Family Requieniidae Douvillé, 1914, p. N779–N781. In Cox, L. R. et al., (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. N. Mollusca 6. Bivalvia, Vol. 2. Geological Society of American and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Des Moulins, C. 1826. Essai sur les Sphérulites qui existent dans les collections de MM. F. Jouannet, membre de l'Académie royal des Sciences, belle Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux, et Charles Des Moulins. Bulletin d'Histoire naturelle de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 1: 148–303.Google Scholar
Douglass, R. C. 1960. The foraminiferal genus Orbitolina in North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 333, 52 p.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1889. Sur quelques rudistes du terrain crétacé inférieur des Pyrénées. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, Séries 3, 17: 627–655.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1902. Classification des Radiolites. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, Séries 4, 2: 461–477.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1910. Études sur les rudistes de Sicile, d'Algéria, d’Égypt, du Liban et de la Perse. Société géologique de France, Memoire No. 41, p. 1–84.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1911. Observations sur les ostréidéa. Origine et classification. Société géologique de France, Bulletin, Séries 4, 10: 635–646.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1914. Les Réquiénidés et leur évolution. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, Séries 4, 14: 380–383.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1916. Les calcaires a orbitolines et a Radiolites du Thibet. In: Hedin, S. (ed.), Southern Tibet. Discoveries in former times compared with my own researches in 1906–1908, 5: 145–147.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1917. Les terrains crétacés de l'Asie occidentale. Compte rendu sommaire des Séances de la Société géologique de France, p. 121–122.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1918. Le Barrémien supérieur de Brouzet. Troisème Partie: Les Rudistes. Société géologique de France, Memoires No. 52, p. 5–19.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1926a. Description de quelques fossiles Crétacés de l'Afganistan. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 58, part 4: 345–348.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1926b. Fossiles recueillis par Hayden dans le Kashmir en 1906 et les Pamirs en 1914; leur description. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 58, part 4: 349–357.Google Scholar
Erman, A. 1954. Einige Beobachtungen über die Kreideformation an der Nordküste van Spanien. Zeitschrift deutsche geologie Gesellschaft, 6: 596–611.Google Scholar
Joukowsky, E. and Favre, J. 1913. Monographie géologique et paléontologique du Salève (Haute Savoie, France). Mémoire de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Genève, 37: 295–523.Google Scholar
Floquet, M. 1991. La plate-forme nord-castillane au Crétacé supérieur. Arrière-pays ibérique de la marge passive basco-cantabrique. Sédimentation et vie. Mémoires Géologiques de l'Université de Dijon, 14: 1–925.Google Scholar
Floquet, M. 1998. Praeradiolites ciryi, a polymorphic rudist from upper Santonian and Campanian carbonate formations of the Castilian ramp (Northern Spain). Geobios, Mémoir special, 22: 111–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forey, P. 2009. Cladistics for palaeontologists. The Palaeontological Association Newsletters, 70 April 2009 No. 60–63.Google Scholar
García-Barrera, P. 1995. Toucasia hancockensis (Hippuritacea-Requienndae) in southwestern Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 12: 191–194.Google Scholar
Goldfuss, A. 1837. Petrefacta Germaniae. Arnz, Düsseldorf, Part 2c, lief 6, 141–224.Google Scholar
Goldfuss, A. 1840. Petrefacta Germaniae. Arnz, Düsseldorf, Part 2d, lief 7, 225–312.Google Scholar
Goloboff, P., Farris, J., and Nixon, K. 2008. TNT: a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774–786.Google Scholar
Golonka, Jan. 2002. Plate-tectonic maps of the Phanerozoic, p. 21–75. In Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., and Golonka, J. (eds.), Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 72.Google Scholar
Gou, Z. 1987. A Cretaceous bivalve fauna in Gamba area, Tibet. Geological Contributions, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, 18, p. 146–166. Geological Publishing House, Beijing.Google Scholar
Gou, Z. and Shi, H. 1998. Rudists (Bivalvia) from the Cretaceous of Tibet, China, with descriptions of new species, p. 255–266. In Johnston, P. A. and Haggart, J. W. (eds.), Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution-Paleobiological Studies Honoring Norman D. Newell. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.Google Scholar
Gourrat, C., Masse, J.-P., and Skelton, P. W. 2003. Hypelasma salevensis (Favre, 1913) from the Upper Kimmeridgian of the French Jura, and the origin of the rudist Family Requieniidae. Geologica Croatica, 56: 139–148.Google Scholar
Gras, A. 1854. Catalogue des corps organisés fossiles qui se recontrent dans le Département de l'Isère. Bulletin de la Société de Statistique, des Sciences naturelles et des Arts industrielles du Département de l'Isère, (2), 2: 1–54, Grenoble.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1848. On the arrangement of the Brachiopoda. Annals and Magazine of natural History, 2: 435–440.Google Scholar
GuéRANGER, E. 1853. Essai d'un répertoire paléontologique de Départment de la Sarthe. Le Mans.Google Scholar
Henson, F. R. S. 1948. Larger imperforate Foraminifera of south-west Asia. Families Lituolidae, Orbitolinidae and Meandropsinidea. British Museum (Natural History), London, 127 p., 16 pl., 16 figs.Google Scholar
Huang, J. and Chen, B. 1987. The evolution of the Tethys in China and adjacent region. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 109 p.Google Scholar
Huang, S., Shi, H., Shen, L., Zhang, M., and Wu, W. 2005. Global correlation for strontium isotope curve in the Late Cretaceous of Tibet and dating marine sediments. Science in China Ser. D, Earth Sciences, 48: 199–209.Google Scholar
Kauffman, E. G. 1973. Cretaceous Bivalvia, p. 353–383. In Hallam, A. (ed.), Atlas of Palaeobiogeography. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Kühn, O. 1932. Fossilium Catalogus, I. Ammalia, Pars 54, Rudistae. Gustav Feller, Neubrandenburg, 200 p.Google Scholar
KUTASSY, A. 1934. Pachydonta mesozoica (Rudistis exlusis). Fossilium Catalogus, I. Animalia, Pars 68, Gustave Feller, Neubrandenburg, 202 p.Google Scholar
Lan, X. and Wei, J. 1995. Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary marine bivalve fauna from the western Tarim Basin. Science Press, 212 p., 70 plates. (Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
de Lapeirouse, P. 1781. Description de plusieurs nouvelles espèces d'Orthocératites et d'Ostracites. Walther, Erlangen, 1–48 p.Google Scholar
Li, T. and Xioa, X. 1995. Tectonic evolution and uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Episodes, 18: 31–35.Google Scholar
Li, X. and Grant-Mackie, J. A. 1994. New Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous bivalves from southern Tibet. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 9: 263–276.Google Scholar
Mainelli, M. 1995. Apricardia manuelae n. sp. in the Lower Turonian of northeastern Matese (South Apennines), Italy. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 12: 195–200.Google Scholar
Malchus, N. 1995. The meaning of “inversion” in chamids and rudists (Bivalvia) reviewed and an unbiased theoretical approach to Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rudist phylogeny. Revista Mexicana de Ciencia Geológicas, 12: 211–223.Google Scholar
Malchus, N. 1998. Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) rudist bivalves from NE Spain: taxonomic problems and preliminary results. Geobios, Mémoire spécial, 22: 181–191.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P. 1976. Les calcaires Urgoniens de Provence, Valanginien-Aptien Inférieur. Stratigraphie, paléontologie, les paléoenvironments et leur évolution. Thèse, Université d'Aix-Marseille II, U.E.R. des Sciences de la Mer et de l'environment, Marseille. 510 p. (C.N.R.S. no. AO 12390).Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P. 1988a. Importance relative, chronologie et signification phylogénétique des modifications morphologiques et anatomiques chez les Requieniidae (Rudistes) du Crétacé inférieur. Serbian Geological Society, 1st International Conference on Rudists, Abstracts, Belgrade, p. 15.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P. 1988b. Paléontologie, paléobiologie et paléoécologie de Requienia ammonia (Goldfuss) (Rudiste, Requieniidae). Bulletin de la Société d'Etude Science naturel de Vaucluse, 1988: 111–119.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P. 1993. Systématique, stratigraphie et paléobiogéographie du genre Lovetchenia (Requieniidae) du Crétacé inférieur Méditerranéen. Géobios, 26: 699–708.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P. 1994. L’évolution des Requieniidae (rudistes) du Crétacé inférieur: caractères, signification fonctionnelle, adaptative et relations avec les modifications des paléoenvironnements. Géobios, 27: 321–333.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P. 2002. Importance relative, chronologie et signification phylogénétique des modifications morphologiques et anatomiques chez les Requieniideae (Rudistes) du Crétacé inférieur, p. 155–171. In Sladić-Trifunović, M. (ed.), Proceedings First International Conference on Rudists-Belgrad, 1988-“Rudists.” Union of Geological Societies of Yugoslavia, Memorial Publication.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P., Fenerci-Masse, M., Vilas, L., and Arias, C. 2007. Late Aptian-Albian primitive Radiolitidae (bivalves, hippuritoidea) from Spain and SW France. Cretaceous Research, 28: 697–718.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P., and Gallo Maresca, M. 1997. Late Aptian Radiolitidae (rudist bivalves) from the Mediterranean and Southwest Asiatic regions: taxonomic, biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic aspects. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 128: 101–110.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P., Gallo Maresca, M., and Luperto sinni, E. 1997. Albian rudist faunas from southern Italy: Taxonomic, biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic aspects. Geobios, 31: 47–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masse, J.-P., Gourrat, C., Orbette, D., and Schmuck, D. 1998. Hauterivian rudist faunas of southern Jura (France). Geobios, Mémoire spécial, 22: 225–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masse, J.-P. and Philip, J. 1996. L’Évolution des rudistes au regard des principaux événements géologiques du Crétacé. Bulletin des Centres Recherches Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 10: 437–456.Google Scholar
Masse, J.-P., Philip, J., and Camoin, G. 1995. The Cretaceous Tethys, p. 215–236. In Nairn, A. E. M., Ricou, L. E., Vrielynck, B., and Dercourt, J. (eds.), The Ocean Basins and Margins, Vol. 8: The Tethys Ocean. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Matheron, P. 1843. Catalogue méthodique et descriptif des corps organisés fossiles du Département des Bouches-du-Rhône et lieux circonvoisins. Carnaud Fils, Marseille, 1–269 p.Google Scholar
Montenat, C., Masse, J.-P., and Philip, J. 1982 Le Crétacé inferieur. Orbitolines et Rudistes d'Afghanistan central. Géologie Méditérraneene, Aix-en-Provence, 9, 2: 109–122.Google Scholar
Munier-Chalmas, H. 1873. Prodrome d'une classification des rudistes. Journal de Conchyliologie, 13: 71–75.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D. 1965. Classification of the Bivalvia. American Museum of Natural History, Novitates, 2206.Google Scholar
Nixon, K. C., 2002. WinClada ver. 1.00.08. Published by the author, Ithaca, NY, USA.Google Scholar
d'Orbigny, A. 1842. Quelques considérations zoologiques et géologiques sur les rudistes. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 17: 148–163.Google Scholar
Palmer, R. H. 1928. The rudistids of southern Mexico. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, Vol. 14, 137 p.Google Scholar
Paquier, V. 1898. Sur quelques dicératinés nouveaux du Tithonique. Société géologique de France, Bulletin, Séries 3, 25: 843–851.Google Scholar
Paquier, V. 1903. Les rudistes urgoniens. Première partie. Mémoires Société géologique de France, Paléontologie, 29: 1–46.Google Scholar
Parona, C. F. 1921. Fauna del neocretacico della Tripolitania. Memoire per servire alla Descrizione della Carta geologica d'Italia, 8: 1–21.Google Scholar
Pojarkova, Z. N. 1955. Some rudists from Upper Cretaceous formations in the Zeravsham and Turkestan mountains. Academic Proceedings LGU no. 189, geological series, Academy of Sciences, 6: 27–53. (in Russian)Google Scholar
Pojarkova, Z. N. 1984. The Cenomanian and Turonian in northeastern Asia. Cretaceous Research, 5: 1–14.Google Scholar
Polsak, A. 1967. Macrofaune crétacée de l'Istrie méridionale (Yougoslavie). Palaeontologica jugoslavica, 8: 1–219.Google Scholar
Pudsey, C. J., Schroeder, R., and Skelton, P. W. 1985. Cretaceous (Aptian/Albian) age for island-arc volcanics, Kohistan, N. Pakistan, p. 150–168. In Gupta, V. J. (ed.), Contributions to Himalayan Geology, v. 3, Geology of western Himalayas. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi.Google Scholar
Qian, Dingyu. 1993. The distribution and biogeographic provincialization of Cretaceous rudists in Xizang (Tibet). Tibet Geology, 2: 19–25. (Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Raup, D. R. 1966. Geometric analysis of shell coiling: General problems. Journal of Paleontology, 40: 1178–1190.Google Scholar
Raup, D. and Stanley, S. M. 1972. Principles of Paleontology. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Roemer, F. 1849. Texas. Adolph Marcus, Bonn, 464 p.Google Scholar
Ross, D. J. and Skelton, P. W. 1993. Rudist formations of the Cretaceous: a palaeoecological, sedimentological and stratigraphical review, p. 73–91. In Wright, V. P., (ed.), Sedimentology Review/1: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Sánchez, V. 1981. Hippuritidae y Radiolitidae (Bivalvia). Catálogo de especies. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Publicaciones de Geología 15, 228 p.Google Scholar
Sanders, D., Lukesch, M., Rasser, M. and Skelton, P. W. 2007. Shell beds of diceratid rudists ahead of a low-energy gravelly beach (Tithonian, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria): Palaeoecology and taphonomy. Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 100: 186–199.Google Scholar
Schnarrenberger, C. 1901. Ueber die Kreideformation der Monte d'Ocre-Kettein den aquilaner Abruzzen. Naturforschung Gesellschaft, Freiburg, Berichte, 11: 176–214.Google Scholar
Scott, R. W. 1981. Biotic relations in Early Cretaceous coral-algal-rudist reefs, Arizona. Journal of Paleontology, 55: 463–478.Google Scholar
Scott, R. W. 1995. Global environmental controls on Cretaceous reefal ecosystems. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 119(1–2): 187–199.Google Scholar
Scott, R. W. and Weaver, M. 2008. Ontogeny and functional morphology of a Lower Cretaceous caprinid, Comanche Shelf, US Gulf Coast: Eighth International Congress on Rudists, June 23–25, 2008, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey, p. 37.Google Scholar
Scott, R. W. and Weaver, M. In press. Ontogeny and functional morphology of a Lower Cretaceous caprinid rudist (Bivalvia, Hippuritoida). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences.Google Scholar
Sha, J., Smith, P. L., and Fürsich, F. T. 2002. Jurassic Ostreoida (Bivalvia) from China (Tanggula Mountains, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau) and their paleobiogeographic content. Journal of Paleontology, 76: 431–446.Google Scholar
Sha, J., Johnson, A. L. A., and Fürsich, F. T. 2004. From deep-sea to high mountain ranges: palaeogeographic and biotic changes in Hohxil, the source area of the Yangtze River (Tibet Plateau) since the Late Palaeozoic. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 233: 169–195.Google Scholar
Simmons, M. D., Whittaker, J. E., and Jones, R. W. 2000. Orbitolinids from Cretaceous sediments of the Middle East-a revision of the F. R. S. Henson and Associates collection, p. 411–437. In Hart, M. B., Kaminski, M. A., and Smart, C. W. (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 7.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W. 1978. The evolution of functional design in rudists (Hippuritacea) and its taxonomic implications. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society London, B. 284: 305–318.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W. 1985. Preadaptation and evolutionary innovation in rudist bivalves. Palaeontology, Special Papers, 33: 159–173.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W. 1991. Morphogenetic versus environmental cues for adaptive radiations, p. 375–386. In Schmidt-Kittler, N. and Vogel, K. (eds.), Constructional Morphology and Evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W. 1999. Synoptic guide to Kimmeridgian rudists for the Kelheim field visit, p. 83–89. In Höfling, R. and Steuber, T. (eds.), Fifth International Congress on Rudists, Abstracts and Field Trip Guides. Erlanger geologische Abhandlungen, Sonderband 3, Erlangen.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W. 2008. Proposed revisions of rudist bivalve classification. Eighth International Congress on rudists, Abstracts, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey, p. 51.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W. and Masse, J.-P. 2000. Synoptic Guide to Lower Cretaceous Rudist Bivalves of Arabia, p. 89–99. In Alsharhan, A. S. and Scott, R. W. (eds.), Middle East Models of Jurassic/Cretaceous Carbonate Systems. SEPM Special Publication 69.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W. and Smith, A. B. 2000. A preliminary phylogeny for rudist bivalves: sifting clades from grades, p. 97–127. In Harper, E. M., Taylor, J. D. and Crame, J. A. (eds.), The evolutionary biology of Bivalvia. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 177.Google Scholar
Steuber, T. 2000. Rudist_Data_base_web_pages.Google Scholar
Steuber, T. and Löser, H. 1996. Jurassic-Cretaceous rudists (Mollusca, Hippuritacea)-Bibliography 1758–1994. Neue Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Band 1, 1–123 p.Google Scholar
Steuber, T. and Löser, H. 2000. Species richness and abundance patterns of Tethyan Cretaceous rudist bivalves (Mollusca: Hippuritacea) in the central-eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, analysed from a palaeontological data base. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 162: 75–104.Google Scholar
Swofford, D.L. 2000. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Toucas, A. 1907. Études sur la classification et l’évolution des Radiolitidés. Société géologique de France, Paléontologie, Mémoire, 36: 1–130.Google Scholar
Wan, X., Jansa, L. F., and Sarti, M. 2002. Cretaceous and Paleogene boundary strata in southern Tibet and their implication for the India-Eurasia collision. Lethaia, 35: 131–146.Google Scholar
Wan, X., Wu, Y., and Li, G. 2003. Distribution of mid-Cretaceous orbitolinids in Xizang (Tibet) and its paleobiogeographic implications. Acta Geological Sinica, 77: 1–8. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Wang, Chengshan, Chang, Edmund Z., and Zhang, Shaonan. 1997. Potential oil- and gas-bearing basins of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. International Geology Review, 39: 876–890.Google Scholar
Wang, C. S., Hu, X., Jansa, L. F., Wan, X. Q., and Tao, R. 2001. The Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event in southern Tibet. Cretaceous Research, 22: 481–490.Google Scholar
Wang, C. S., Li, X., Hu, X., and Jansa, L. F. 2002. Latest marine horizon north of Qomolangma (Mt. Everest): implications for closure of Tethys seaway and collision tectonics. Terra Nova, 14: 114–120.Google Scholar
Wen, S. 1999. Cretaceous bivalve biogeography in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Acta Palaeontolgica Sinica, 38: 1–30.Google Scholar
Wen, S. 2000. Cretaceous bivalves of Kangpa Group, South Xizang, China and their Biogeography. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 39: 1–27.Google Scholar
Wen, S., Lan, X., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, C., and Gu, Z. 1976. Fossil Lamellibranchs from Mt. Qomolangma region: Report of Scientific Expedition to the Mt. Qomolongma region (1966–1968), Palaeontology. Science Press, Beijing, 3, 152 p. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Wen, S., Sha, J., Zhang, B., and Cai, B. 2000. Marine Cretaceous, p. 315–327. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ed.) Stratigraphical Studies in China (1979–1999). Press of University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
White, C. A. 1884. On Mesozoic fossils. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 4: 87–125.Google Scholar
Whitney, M. 1952. Some new pelecypoda from the Glen Rose Formation of Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 26: 697–707.Google Scholar
Willems, H., Zhou, Z., Zhang, B., and Gräfe, K.-U. 1996. Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary strata in the Tethyan Himalayas of Tibet (Tingri area, China). Geologische Rundschau, 85: 723–754.Google Scholar
Yang, Z. 1984. Marine facies Bivalvia, Hippuritoida, Palaeontological plates of Northwest region, China (III) (Xinjiang). Geology Publishing House, Beijing, p. 150–165.Google Scholar
Yang, Z., Nie, Z., Wu, S., and Liang, D. 1982. Cretaceous rudists from Ngari, Xizang (Tibet), Autonomous Region, China and their geologic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 56: 293–301. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Yanin, B. T. 1989. The Jurassic and Cretaceous rudists: stratigraphical and geographical distribution. Moscow, Nauka, 214 p., 16 pls.Google Scholar
Younge, C. M. 1967. Form, habit and evolution in the Chamidae (Bivalvia) with reference to conditions in the rudists (Hippuritacea). Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London, Series B, Biological Sciences, No. 775, 252: 49–105.Google Scholar
Zhang, K. J. 2000. Cretaceous palaeogeography of Tibet and adjacent areas (China): tectonic implications. Cretaceous Research, 21: 23–33.Google Scholar
Zlatarski, G. 1886. Geologische Untersuchungen im centralem Balkan und in den angrenzenden Gebeiten. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 93: 249–341.Google Scholar