Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T00:59:38.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Illustrated Dioskourides Codices and the Transmission of Images during Antiquity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2019

Joshua J. Thomas
Joshua J. Thomas*
Affiliation:
Lincoln College, University of Oxford
*
joshua.thomas@lincoln.ox.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A parchment codex of the early sixth century a.d., now in Vienna, contains a remarkable series of nearly 400 full-page illustrations of individual botanical species. These illustrations accompany an alphabetical recension of a pharmacological treatise on the medicinal properties of plants written by Dioskourides of Anazarbos, a Greek author of the first century a.d. Both the date of the codex and the style of its botanical illustrations have encouraged suggestions that the latter were modelled somehow on classical archetypes. This article presents new observations in support of the classical archetypes theory, but questions the traditional view that these archetypes were transmitted by ‘illustrated texts’ or ‘pattern books’ executed in papyrus or parchment. What follows is a new hypothesis concerning the nature of the artistic intermediaries used by painters, mosaicists and sculptors during antiquity.

Keywords

Dioskourides of Anazarbosthe Vienna DioskouridesAnicia Julianaillustrated manuscriptspattern booksartistic intermediariespinakes
Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 109 , November 2019 , pp. 241 - 273
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I am very grateful to Bert Smith and Ine Jacobs for reading earlier drafts of this article, and to Mary Whitby for helpful comments on the dedicatory epigram of the Vienna Dioskourides. I would also like to thank the Journal’s anonymous readers for their valuable comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors are mine alone.

References

Facsimiles of the Naples and New York codices are available online, at: https://www.wdl.org/en/item/10690/view/1/1/ (Naples) http://ica.themorgan.org/manuscript/thumbs/143825 (New York).Google Scholar
Adornato, G. (ed.) 2016: Intorno al Papiro di Artemidoro III. I disegni. Atti del convegno internazionale del 4 febbraio 2011 presso il Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi, Firenze, Pisa.Google Scholar
Anderson, F. J. 1977: An Illustrated History of the Herbals, New York.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. C. 2009: ‘The Vienna Dioscorides and portraits that tell stories’, in Alchermes, J., Evans, H. and Thomas, T. K. (eds), Anathemata eortika: Studies in Honor of Thomas F. Mathews, Mainz, 32–9.Google Scholar
Andreae, B. 2003: Antike Bildmosaiken, Mainz am Rhein.Google Scholar
Anichini, M. 1956: ‘Il Dioscoride di Napoli’, Atti dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti della classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche (ser. 8) 11, 77–104.Google Scholar
Beck, L. Y. 2011: Dioscorides Pedanius of Anazarbus, De materia medica (2nd edn), Hildesheim.Google Scholar
Bergmann, B. 2018: ‘Frescoes in Roman gardens’, in Jashemski, W. F., Gleason, K. L., Hartswick, K. J. and Malek, A.-A. (eds), Gardens of the Roman Empire, Cambridge, 278–316.Google Scholar
Bertelli, C. 1992: ‘A proposal concerning the client of the Neapolitan Dioscurides’, in Bertelli et al. 1992, 125–31.Google Scholar
Bertelli, C. 1998: ‘The production and distribution of books in Late Antiquity’, in Hodges, R. and Bowden, W. (eds), The Sixth Century: Production, Distribution, and Demand, Leiden, 41–60.Google Scholar
Bertelli, C., Lilla, S. and Orofino, G. 1992: Dioscurides Neapolitanus. Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli, Codex ex Vindobonensis Graecus I. Commentarium, Rome.Google Scholar
Bianchi Bandinelli, R. 1956: ‘Il Dioscoride neapolitano’, La parola del passato 11, 48–51.Google Scholar
Blunt, W. and Raphael, S. 1994: The Illustrated Herbal (2nd edn), London.Google Scholar
Bonner, C. 1922: ‘A papyrus of Dioscorides in the University of Michigan collection’, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 52, 142–68.Google Scholar
Borg, B. 1996: Mumienporträts. Chronologie und kultureller Kontext, Mainz am Rhein.Google Scholar
Borg, B. 2018: Review of Mathews and Muller 2016, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 57, 91–4.Google Scholar
Brubaker, L. 2002: ‘The Vienna Dioskorides and Anicia Juliana’, in Littlewood, A., Maguire, H. and Wolschke-Bulmahn, J. (eds), Byzantine Garden Culture, Washington, D.C., 189–214.Google Scholar
Bruneau, P. 1984: ‘Les mosaïstes antiques avaient-ils des cahiers de modèles?’, Revue Archéologique 2, 241–72.Google Scholar
Bruneau, P. 2000: ‘Les mosaïstes antiques avaient-ils des cahiers de modèles? Suite, probablement sans fin’, Ktèma 25, 191–7.Google Scholar
Buberl, P. 1936: ‘Die antiken Grundlagen der Miniaturen des Wiener Dioskurideskodex’, Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 51, 114–36.Google Scholar
Buberl, P. 1937: Die byzantinischen Handschriften 1. Der Wiener Dioskurides und die Wiener Genesis, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Capizzi, C. 1968: ‘Anicia Giuliana (462 ca.–530 ca.). Ricerche sulla famiglia e la sua vita’, Rivista di studi bizantini e neoellenici 5, 191–226.Google Scholar
Carey, S. 2003: Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural History, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cavallo, G. 1992: ‘Introduction’, trans. S. Lilla, in Bertelli et al. 1992, 9–13.Google Scholar
Ciarallo, A. and Capaldo, L. 1991: ‘Fauna e flora’, in Il giardino dipinto nella casa del bracciale d'oro a Pompei e il suo restauro, Florence, 25–31.Google Scholar
Ciarallo, A. and Capaldo, L. 1992: ‘163. Room (oecus) with garden paintings’, in Rediscovering Pompeii, Rome, 227–39.Google Scholar
Ciardiello, R. 2006: ‘VI 17 Insula Occidentalis 42, Casa del Bracciale d'Oro’, in Aoyagi, M. and Pappalardo, U. (eds), Pompei (Regiones VI–VII) Insula Occidentalis, Tokyo and Naples, 69–256.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. R. 2010: ‘Model-book, outline-book, figure-book: new observations on the creation of near-exact copies in Romano-Campanian painting’, in Bragantini, I. (ed.), Atti del Xe congresso internazionale, Association Internationale pour la Peinture Murale Antique (AIPMA), Vol. I, Naples, 203–14.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. 1997: The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Collins, M. 2000: Medieval Herbals: The Illustrative Traditions, London.Google Scholar
Conticello, B. 1991: ‘Il giardino dipinto nella casa del bracciale d'oro’, in Il giardino dipinto nella casa del bracciale d'oro a Pompei e il suo restauro, Florence, 19–24.Google Scholar
Cronier, M. 2012: ‘Un manuscrit méconnu du Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς de Dioscoride: New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 652’, Revue des Études Grecques 125, 95–130.Google Scholar
Cruse, A. 2007: ‘Dioscorides of Anazarbus (fl. A.D. 70): from Mithridates to the Middle Ages’, in Gilmour, L. (ed.), Pagans and Christians from Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Papers in Honour of Martin Henig Presented on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Oxford, 151–61.Google Scholar
Deichmann, F. W. 1976: Ravenna. Hauptstadt des spätantiken Abendlandes. Kommentar, 2. Teil, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Diez, E. 1903: ‘Die Miniatur des Wiener Dioskurides’, in Strzygowski, J. (ed.), Byzantinische Denkmäler, Vol. 3, Vienna, 1–69.Google Scholar
Donderer, M. 2005: ‘Und es gab sie doch! Ein neuer Papyrus und das Zeugnis der Mosaiken belegen die Verwendung antiker “Musterbücher”’, Antike Welt 36.2 , 59–68.Google Scholar
Donderer, M. 2005/6: ‘Antike «Musterbücher» und (k)ein Ende. Ein neuer Papyrus und die Aussage der Mosaiken’, Musiva & Sectilia 2/3, 81–113.Google Scholar
Dunbabin, K. M. D. 1999: Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Elia, O. 1942: Monumenti della pittura antica scoperti in Italia. Sezione III, Pompei, fasc. III. Le pitture del tempio di Iside, Rome.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. 2009: ‘P. Artemid.: the images’, in Brodersen, K. and Elsner, J. (eds), Images and Texts on the Artemidorus Papyrus: Working Papers on P.Artemid. (St John's College Oxford, 2008), Historia Einzelschriften 214, Stuttgart, 35–50.Google Scholar
Fausti, D. 2004: ‘Erbari illustrati su papiro e tradizione iconografica botanica’, in Andorlini, I. (ed.), Testi medici su papiro, Florence, 131–50.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. E. 2003: ‘Sanides and sanidia’, in Bakewell, G. W. and Sickinger, J. P. (eds), Gestures: Essays in Ancient History, Literature, and Philosophy Presented to Alan L. Boegehold, Oxford, 237–50.Google Scholar
Froschauer, H. 2008: Zeichnungen und Malereien aus den Papyrussammlungen in Berlin und Wien, Berlin.Google Scholar
Gabriel, M. M. 1955: Livia's Garden Room at Prima Porta, New York.Google Scholar
Gallazzi, C., Kramer, B. and Settis, S. 2008: Il papiro di Artemidoro (P. Artemid.), Milan.Google Scholar
Gerstinger, H. 1926: Die griechische Buchmalerei, Vienna.Google Scholar
Gerstinger, H. 1970: Dioscurides. Codex Vindobonensis Med. Gr. I der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Kommentarband zu der Faksimileausgabe, Graz.Google Scholar
Grape-Albers, H. 1977: Spätantike Bilder aus der Welt des Arztes. Medizinische Bilderhandschriften der Spätantike und ihre mittelalterliche Überlieferung, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Hardy, G. and Totelin, L. 2016: Ancient Botany, London.Google Scholar
Harrison, R. M. 1989: A Temple for Byzantium: The Discovery and Excavation of Anicia Juliana's Palace-Church in Istanbul, London.Google Scholar
Horak, U. 1992: Illuminierte Papyri, Pergamente und Papiere, Vienna.Google Scholar
Horsfall, N. 1983: ‘The origins of the illustrated book’, Aegyptus 63, 199–216.Google Scholar
Irwin, M. E. 2016: ‘Greek and Roman botany’, in Irby-Massie, G. L. (ed.), A Companion to Science, Technology and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome, Chichester, 263–80.Google Scholar
Isager, J. 1991: Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art, London.Google Scholar
Janick, J. and Stolarczyk, J. 2012: ‘Ancient Greek illustrated Dioscoridean herbals: origins and impact of the Juliana Anicia Codex and the Codex Neopolitanus’, Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40.1, 9–17.Google Scholar
Janick, J., Whipkey, A. L. and Stolarczyk, J. 2013: ‘Synteny of images in three illustrated Dioscoridean herbals: Juliana Anicia Codex, Codex Neapolitanus, and Morgan 652’, Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, 333–9.Google Scholar
Jashemski, W. F. 1993: The Gardens of Pompeii, Herculaneum and the Villas Destroyed by Vesuvius, Vol. 2: Appendices, New Rochelle, NY.Google Scholar
Jobst, W. 2005: ‘Das Palastmosaik von Konstantinopel. Chronologie und Ikonographie’, in Morlier, H. (ed.), La mosaïque gréco-romaine IX, Vol. 2, Rome, 1083–101.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. de M. 1913: ‘A botanical papyrus with illustrations’, Archiv für die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft und der Technik 4, Leipzig, 403–8.Google Scholar
Jones, N. B. 2014: ‘Ancient painted panels: terminology and appearance’, Mnemosyne 67, 295–304.Google Scholar
Kádár, Z. 1978: Survivals of Greek Zoological Illuminations in Byzantine Manuscripts (trans. T. Wilkinson), Budapest.Google Scholar
Kalavrezou, I. and Tomaselli, C. 2017: ‘The study of Byzantine illustrated manuscripts since Kurt Weitzmann: art historical methods and approaches’, in Tsamakda 2017, 23–34.Google Scholar
Kawerau, G. and Wiegand, T. 1930: Altertümer von Pergamon V 1. Die Paläste der Hochburg, Berlin.Google Scholar
Kellum, B. A. 1994: ‘The construction of landscape in Augustan Rome: the garden room at the villa ad Gallinas’, The Art Bulletin 76, 211–24.Google Scholar
Keyser, P. T. and Irby-Massie, G. L. (eds) 2008: The Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists: The Greek Tradition and its Many Heirs, London.Google Scholar
Killerich, B. 2001: ‘The image of Anicia Juliana in the Vienna Dioscurides: flattery or appropriation of imperial imagery?’, Symbolae Osloenses 76, 169–90.Google Scholar
Kolarik, R. E. 1984: ‘The floor mosaics of eastern Illyricum: the northern regions’, in Actes du Xe congrès international d'archéologie chrétienne, Thessalonique 28 septembre–4 octobre 1980, Vol. I, Vatican City, 445–79.Google Scholar
Kotzabassi, S. 2017: ‘Codicology and palaeography’, in Tsamakda 2017, 35–53.Google Scholar
Lazaris, S. 2010: ‘L'illustration des disciplines médicales dans l'antiquité. Hypothèses, enjeux, nouvelles interprétations’, in Bernabo, M. (ed.), La collezione di testi chirurgici di Niceta. Firenze, Biblioteca medicea laurenziana, Plut. 74.7. Tradizione medica classica a Bisanzio, Rome, 99–109.Google Scholar
Lazaris, S. 2012: ‘Dell'ugna un leone. Le détail comme paradigme épistémologique en sciences de l'Antiquité’, Ktèma 37, 255–66.Google Scholar
Lazaris, S. 2013: ‘L'image paradigmatique. Des Schémas anatomiques d'Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscuride’, Pallas 93, 131–64.Google Scholar
Lazaris, S. 2017: ‘Scientific, medical and technical manuscripts’, in Tsamakda 2017, 55–113.Google Scholar
Leith, D. 2006: ‘The Antinoopolis illustrated herbal (PJohnson + PAntin. 3.214 = MP3 2095)’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 156, 141–56.Google Scholar
Lemerle, P. 1986: Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase (trans. Lindsay, H. and Moffatt, A.), Canberra.Google Scholar
Lilla, S. 1992: ‘A study of the manuscript’, in Bertelli et al. 1992, 49–82.Google Scholar
Lowden, J. 2002: ‘The transmission of “visual knowledge” in Byzantium through illuminated manuscripts: approaches and conjectures’, in Holmes, C. (ed.), Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond, Leiden, 59–80.Google Scholar
Lowden, J. 2008: ‘Book production’, in Jeffreys, E., Haldon, J. F. and Cormack, R. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, 462–72.Google Scholar
Maguire, H. 1987: Earth and Ocean: The Terrestrial World in Early Byzantine Art, University Park, PA.Google Scholar
Maguire, H. 2012: Nectar & Illusion: Nature in Byzantine Art and Literature, Oxford.Google Scholar
Mango, C. and Ševčenko, I. 1961: ‘Remains of the church of St. Polyeuktos at Constantinople’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 15, 243–7.Google Scholar
Mantuani, I. 1906: ‘Die Miniaturen im Wiener Kodex Med. graecus I’, in von Karabacek 1906, 354–491.Google Scholar
Marganne, M.-H. 2004: Le livre médical dans le monde gréco-romain, Liege.Google Scholar
Marganne, M.-H. and Istasse, N. 2001: ‘Livres de médecine illustrés dans l’Égypte gréco-romaine’, Medicina nei secoli 13, 1–23.Google Scholar
Mathews, T. F. and Muller, N. E. 2016: The Dawn of Christian Art in Panel Paintings and Icons, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Mazzotti, M. 1954: La basilica di Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Vatican.Google Scholar
Meyboom, P. G. P. 1995: The Nile Mosaic of Palestrina: Early Evidence of Egyptian Religion in Italy, Leiden.Google Scholar
Mielsch, H. 1986: ‘Hellenistische Tieranekdoten in der römischen Kunst’, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 747–63.Google Scholar
Mielsch, H. 2005: Griechische Tiergeschichten in der antiken Kunst, Mainz am Rhein.Google Scholar
Moormann, E. M. 2011: Divine Interiors: Mural Paintings in Greek and Roman Sanctuaries, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Nathan, G. S. 2011: ‘The Vienna Dioscorides’ dedicatio to Anicia Juliana: a usurpation of imperial patronage?’, in Nathan, G. S., Garland, L., Jeffreys, E. and Jeffreys, M. (eds), Basileia: Essays on Imperium and Culture in Honour of E. M. and M. J. Jeffreys, Brisbane, 95–102.Google Scholar
Orofino, G. 1991: ‘Dioskurides war gegen Pflanzenbilder’, Die Waage 30, 144–9.Google Scholar
Orofino, G. 1992: ‘The Dioscurides of the Biblioteca Nazionale of Naples: the miniatures’, in Bertelli et al. 1992, 99–113.Google Scholar
Parlasca, K. 1977: Repertorio d'arte dell'Egitto greco-romano. Serie B, Vol. II. Ritratti di Mummie, Palermo.Google Scholar
Parrish, D. C. 2005: ‘The art-historical context of the Great Palace mosaic at Constantinople’, in Morlier, H. (ed.), La mosaïque gréco-romaine IX, Vol. II, Rome, 1103–17.Google Scholar
Ricciardi, M. 2014: ‘Between natural history and artistic invention: representation of plants in the paintings of Villa A’, in Clarke, J. R. and Muntasser, N. K. (eds), Oplontis: Villa A (“of Poppaea”) at Torre Annunziata, Italy, Vol. 1: The Ancient Setting and Modern Rediscovery, e-book.Google Scholar
Riddle, J. M. 1971: ‘Dioscorides’, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 4, New York, 119–23.Google Scholar
Riddle, J. M. 1984: ‘Byzantine commentaries on Dioscorides’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 38, 95–102.Google Scholar
Riddle, J. M. 1985: Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medicine, Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Roberts, C. H. and Skeat, T. C. 1954: The Birth of the Codex, London.Google Scholar
Roby, C. 2017: ‘Framing technologies in Hero and Ptolemy’, in Platt, V. J. and Squire, M. (eds), The Frame in Classical Art: A Cultural History, Cambridge, 514–43.Google Scholar
Ryholt, K. 2013: ‘The illustrated herbal from Tebtunis: new fragments and archaeological context’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 187, 233–8.Google Scholar
Salzmann, D. 1995: ‘Zu den Mosaiken in den Palästen IV und V von Pergamon’, Studien zum antiken Kleinasien III, 101–12.Google Scholar
Scarborough, J. 1984: ‘Early Byzantine pharmacology’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 38, 213–32.Google Scholar
Scarborough, J. 2011: ‘Introduction’, in Beck 2011, xiii–xxi.Google Scholar
Scarborough, J. and Nutton, V. 1982: ‘The preface of Dioscorides’ Materia medica: introduction, translation and commentary’, Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians at Philadelphia (ser. 5) 4, 187–227.Google Scholar
Schmidt-Colinet, A. 2009: ‘“Musterbücher” statt “Meisterforschung”. Zum Verständnis antiker Werkstattstrukturen und Produktionsprozesse’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 22, 787–92.Google Scholar
Schmidt-Colinet, A. 2016: ‘The reconstruction and distribution of pattern books in the Roman Empire: some archaeological evidence from Palmyra’, in Adornato 2016, 129–46.Google Scholar
Settis, S. 2002: La pareti ingannevoli. La villa di Livia e la pittura di giardino, Milan.Google Scholar
Singer, C. 1927: ‘The herbal in antiquity and its transmission into later ages’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 47, 1–52.Google Scholar
Small, J. P. 2003: The Parallel Worlds of Classical Art and Text, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smith, R. R. R. 2013: Aphrodisias VI: The Marble Reliefs from the Julio-Claudian Sebasteion, Darmstadt.Google Scholar
Spatharakis, I. 1976: The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts, Leiden.Google Scholar
Spatharakis, I. 1978: ‘Some observations on the Ptolemy Ms. Vat. gr. 1291: its date and the two initial miniatures’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 71, 41–9.Google Scholar
Spieser, J.-M. 2017: ‘The use and function of illustrated books in Byzantine society’, in Tsamakda 2017, 3–22.Google Scholar
Stauffer, A. 2008: Antike Musterblätter. Wirkkartons aus dem spätantiken und frühbyzantinischen Ägypten, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Stearn, W. T. 1954: ‘The earliest illustrated herbal, Codex Aniciae Juliannae’, Graphis 54, 322–9.Google Scholar
Stückelberger, A. 1994: Bild und Wort. Das illustrierte Fachbuch in der antiken Naturwissenschaft, Medizin und Technik, Mainz am Rhein.Google Scholar
Stückelberger, A. 2015: ‘Die Illustration als Verständnischilfe in antiken wissenschaftlichen Texten’, Vereinigung der Schweizerischen Hochschuldozierenden Bulletin 3, 2–8.Google Scholar
Tammisto, A. 1997: Birds in Mosaics: A Study on the Representation of Birds in Hellenistic and Romano-Campanian Tessellated Mosaics to the Early Augustan Age, Rome.Google Scholar
Touwaide, A. 1999: ‘Pedanius Dioscurides and his treatise Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς’, in Giancaspro, M., Cavallo, G. and Touwaide, A. (eds), Dioscurides De materia medica. Codex Neapolitanus graecus 1 of the National Library of Naples. Facsimile Reproduction of the Manuscript with Introductory Texts, Athens, 37–55.Google Scholar
Touwaide, A. 2006: ‘Latin crusaders, Byzantine herbals’, in Givens, J. A., Reeds, K. M. and Touwaide, A. (eds), Visualizing Medieval Medicine and Natural History, 1200–1550, Aldershot, 25–50.Google Scholar
Touwaide, A. 2013: ‘Illustration, scientific’, in Bagnall, R. S., Brodersen, K., Champion, C. B., Erskine, A. and Huebner, S. R. (eds), The Encyclopaedia of Ancient History, Vol. 6, Oxford, 3404–7.Google Scholar
Trinquier, J. 2009: ‘L'animal, le roi et le savant. Le “Musée” et le développement des savoirs sur l'animal dans d'Alexandrie lagide’, in Blay, F. Le (ed.), Transmettre les savoirs dans les mondes hellénistique et romain, Rennes, 333–66.Google Scholar
Tsamakda, V. (ed.) 2017: A Companion to Byzantine Illustrated Manuscripts, Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Turner, E. G. 1977: The Typology of the Early Codex, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
van Buren, A. 1973: ‘De Materia Medica of Dioscurides’, in Vikan, G. (ed.), Illuminated Greek Manuscripts from American Collections: An Exhibition in Honor of Kurt Weitzmann, Princeton, 66–9.Google Scholar
von Karabacek, J. (ed.) 1906: De codicis Dioscuridei Aniciae Iulianae, nunc Vindobonensis Med. Gr. I, Historia, Forma, Scriptura, Picturis, Leiden.Google Scholar
von Premerstein, A. 1903: ‘Anicia Juliana im Wiener Dioskorides-Kodex’, Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 24, 105–24.Google Scholar
von Premerstein, A. 1906: ‘De Codicis Dioscuridei Aniciae Iulianae, nunc Vindobonensis Med. Gr. I: Historia, Forma, Argumento’, in von Karabacek 1906, 3–228.Google Scholar
Walker, S. and Bierbrier, M. L. 1997: Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt, London.Google Scholar
Walther, I. F. and Wolf, N. 2005: Codices Illustres, The World's Most Famous Illuminated Manuscripts, 400 to 1600 (2nd edn), Cologne.Google Scholar
Waring, J. 2010: ‘Byzantine book culture’, in James, L. (ed.), A Companion to Byzantium, Chichester and Malden, 275–88.Google Scholar
Weitzmann, K. 1947: Illustrations in Roll and Codex: A Study of the Origin and Method of Text Illustration, Princeton.Google Scholar
Weitzmann, K. 1959: Ancient Book Illumination, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Weitzmann, K. 1971: ‘The classical heritage in the art of Constantinople’, in Weitzmann, K. (ed. Kessler, H. L.), Studies in Classical and Byzantine Manuscript Illumination, Chicago, 125–50.Google Scholar
Weitzmann, K. 1977: Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination, London and New York.Google Scholar
Wellmann, M. 1906–14: Pedanii Dioscuridis Anazarbei, De materia medica libri quinque (3 vols), Berlin.Google Scholar
Whitby, M. 2006: ‘The St Polyeuktos epigram (AP 1.10): a literary perspective’, in Johnson, S. F. (ed.), Greek Literature in Late Antiquity: Dynamism, Didacticism, Classicism, Aldershot, 159–88.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, H. 2016: ‘Birds, beasts and a unicorn at Oxyrhynchus’, in Adornato 2016, 105–28.Google Scholar
Wilson, N. G. 1967: ‘The libraries of the Byzantine world’, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 8, 53–80.Google Scholar
Wilson, N. G. 1996: Scholars of Byzantium (2nd edn), London.Google Scholar
Wilson, N. G. 2008: ‘Libraries’, in Jeffreys, E., Haldon, J. F., and Cormack, R. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, 820–5.Google Scholar
Winstedt, E. O. 1907: ‘Some Greek and Latin papyri in Aberdeen Museum’, Classical Quarterly 1, 257–67.Google Scholar