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^{page 38 note 1} Stratigraphie Comparée et Chronologie de L'Asie Occidentale, 1948, 413Google Scholar, note 3.

^{page 38 note 2} The Comparative Archaeology of Early Mesopotamia. Chicago, 1949Google Scholar.

^{page 38 note 3} Amer. J. Arch., XLIV, 1939, 23Google Scholar, note 6.

^{page 38 note 4} For much fuller treatment see Beck, , ‘Glass before 1500 B.C.,’ Ancient Egypt and the East, 1934, 7Google Scholar; Beck, and Stone, , Archaeologia, LXXXV, 1936, 207Google Scholar; and Lucas, , Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 1948, 178–206Google Scholar.

^{page 39 note 1} Lucas, op. cit., 208.

^{page 39 note 2} Beck, , ‘Glazed Steatite,’ Ancient Egypt and the East, 1934, 69Google Scholar.

^{page 39 note 3} Beck, , ‘Glazed Quartz,’ Ancient Egypt and the East, 1935, 19Google Scholar.

^{page 39 note 4} Laurie, , Archaeologia, LXIV, 1913, 317Google Scholar; Lucas, op. cit., 392.

^{page 39 note 5} Lucas, op. cit., 194.

^{page 39 note 6} Lucas, op. cit., 527.

^{page 40 note 1} Archaeology of Crete, 1939, 301Google Scholar.

^{page 40 note 2} Comparative Stratigraphy of Early Iran, 1942, table II.

^{page 40 note 3} Prehistoric India, 1950, 65 and 243Google Scholar.

^{page 40 note 4} New Light on the Ancient East, 1952, 232–3Google Scholar.

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^{page 40 note 6} Brunton, G. and Caton-Thompson, G., The Badarian Civilization, 1928, 27 and 39Google Scholar.

^{page 40 note 7} Antiquity, III, 1929, 463Google Scholar.

^{page 40 note 8} Beck, , ‘Glazed Steatite,’ Ancient Egypt and the East, 1934, 70Google Scholar; Brunton, , Badarian Civilization, 1928, 56Google Scholar.

^{page 40 note 9} Prehistoric Egypt, 1920, 42Google Scholar.

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^{page 40 note 11} For a discussion of early sea trade in Gerzean times see also Hornell, J., Antiquity, XV, 1941, 233CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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^{page 40 note 13} ibid., 49.

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^{page 41 note 4} ibid., 192.

^{page 41 note 5} ibid., 193, but XVII on p. 248.

^{page 41 note 6} ibid., 195.

^{page 41 note 7} ibid., 178.

^{page 41 note 8} ibid., 68, 80, 87 and 89.

^{page 41 note 9} Perkins, A. L., Comparative Archaeology of Early Mesopotamia, 1949, 33 and 147Google Scholar.

^{page 41 note 10} ibid., 187.

^{page 41 note 11} Mallowan, M. E. L., ‘Excavations at Brak,’ Iraq, IX, 1947, 33Google Scholar.

^{page 42 note 1} Beck, , ‘Beads from Nineveh,’ Antiquity, V, 1931, 427CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Archaeologia, LXXXV, pl. LXVII, fig. 1 nos. 8 and 9.

^{page 43 note 1} A. L. Perkins, op. cit., 141 and 146.

^{page 43 note 2} Ur Excavations, 1934, 369Google Scholar.

^{page 43 note 3} Antiquaries J., X, 1930, 331Google Scholar.

^{page 43 note 4} A. L. Perkins, op cit., 153.

^{page 43 note 5} Archaeologia, LXXXV, pl. LXVII, fig. 1, nos. 14 and 15.

^{page 43 note 6} Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse, XIII, 1912, 10Google Scholar, figs. 22 and 23.

^{page 43 note 7} ibid., XX, 1928, 100.

^{page 43 note 8} New Light on the Most Ancient East, 1952, 137–9Google Scholar.

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^{page 43 note 10} Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse, XX, 1928, 128–30Google Scholar.

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^{page 43 note 12} ibid., 54–5.

^{page 43 note 13} ibid., 61.

^{page 43 note 14} ibid., 118.

^{page 43 note 15} ibid., 119.

^{page 43 note 16} ibid., 128.

^{page 43 note 17} ibid., 130.

^{page 44 note 1} Pendlebury, J. D. S., Archaeology of Crete, 1939, 73Google Scholar.

^{page 44 note 2} ibid., 120.

^{page 44 note 3} ibid., 132.

^{page 45 note 1} Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie Contparée, 337Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 2} Mallowan, , Iraq, IX, 1947, 108Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 3} Schaeffer, op. cit., 90–93.

^{page 45 note 4} Schaeffer, op. cit., 183.

^{page 45 note 5} Childe, , Ancient East, 219Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 6} Schaeffer, op. cit., 109.

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^{page 45 note 8} Mr Mellart has here referred me to University of Chicago, Oriental Institute, Publications, XXVIII, figs. 101 and 197, nos. d.2031, e.722.

^{page 45 note 9} American J. Arch., 1940, 71Google Scholar; Schaeffer, op. cit., 272.

^{page 45 note 10} Childe, , Ancient East, 166Google Scholar; Woolley also notes that faience occurs but is not common in the Sargonid period, Ur Excavations, 1934, 369Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 11} Arne, T. J., Excavations at Shah Tepe, 1945, 287Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 12} ibid., 292–3.

^{page 45 note 13} Schmidt, , Excavations at Tepe Hissar, 1937, 118–23Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 14} ibid., 312.

^{page 45 note 15} Childe, , Ancient East, 181Google Scholar; Wheeler, , The Indus Civilization, 1953, 70Google Scholar.

^{page 46 note 1} Mackay, E., The Indus Civilization, 1935, 168Google Scholar.

^{page 46 note 2} Mackay, D., Antiquity, XVIII, 1944, 203Google Scholar.

^{page 46 note 3} Ancient India, 1950, 195Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 1} Lucas, , Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 1948, 182Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 2} Egyptian dates are here based on Drioton, E. and Vandier, J., Les peuples de l'Orient Meditérranéen: II Egypte, Paris, 1952Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 3} Persson, A. W., New Tombs at Dendra near Midea, Lund, 1942, 147Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 4} Pendlebury, , Archaeology of Crete, 1939, 140Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 5} ibid., 165 and 173.

^{page 47 note 6} Archaeologia, LXXXV, 225Google Scholar.

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^{page 47 note 8} Heurtley, W. A., Prehistoric Macedonia, 1939, 202Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 9} Childe, , Prehistoric Migrations in Europe, 1950, 159 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 10} Ephemeris Archaiologiki, 1930, 29Google Scholar and referred to by Persson, , New Tombs at Dendra, near Midea, 1942, 148Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 11} Wace, , Archaeologia, LXXXII, 1932, 205Google Scholar.

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^{page 48 note 2} Blegen, , Prosymna: The Helladic Settlement preceding the Argive Heraeum, 1937, 306Google Scholar.

^{page 48 note 3} Fox, A. and Stone, , Antiquaries J., XXXI, 1951, 25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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^{page 48 note 6} ibid., 72 and 197.

^{page 48 note 7} ibid., 105.

^{page 48 note 8} ibid., 106 and 220.

^{page 48 note 9} Blegen, , Prosymna, 1937, 306Google Scholar.

^{page 48 note 10} Glass before 1500 B.C., Ancient Egypt and the East, 1934, 14Google Scholar.

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^{page 48 note 12} ibid., 148.

^{page 49 note 1} The Times, 12 November 1955.

^{page 49 note 2} Albright, W. F., The Archaeology of Palestine, 1949, 86Google Scholar.

^{page 49 note 3} Schaeffer, op. cit., 283 and 322.

^{page 49 note 4} ibid., 140.

^{page 49 note 5} T. and Özgüz, N., Kültepe Hafriyeti, 1949, 201Google Scholar, fig. 612, Ankara, 1953.

^{page 49 note 6} Kosay, H. Z., Alaca Hüyük Kazisi, Ankara, 1951Google Scholar, pl. XCIV.

^{page 49 note 7} University of Chicago, Oriental Institute, Publications, XIX, 179Google Scholar, fig. 233; XXIX, fig. 309.

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^{page 49 note 9} Schaeffer, op. cit., 325.

^{page 49 note 10} Oriental Institute, Publications, XXIX, fig. 309.

^{page 49 note 11} Bull, di paletnologia italiana, 1904, fig. 54, grave XLVIII.

^{page 49 note 12} Dikaios, P., Guide to the Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, 1953, 22Google Scholar.

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^{page 49 note 14} Lachish II: The Fosse Temple, 1940, 75Google Scholar.

^{page 50 note 1} Archaeologia, LXXXV, 225, 232Google Scholar and pl. LXIX, fig. 2, nos. 11 and 12.

^{page 50 note 2} ibid., 224.

^{page 50 note 3} Iraq, IX, 1947, 136–41Google Scholar.

^{page 50 note 4} He cites the following instances: Gezer, Atchana, Ras Shamra, Tel Judaideh, Chatal-Hüyük, Nineveh, Khafajah, Nuzu, Tepe Giyan, Lachish, Baisan, Megiddo, Tel Abu Hawam, Balata, Tel Zakariyah, and Tel Hammam on the river Balikh.

^{page 50 note 5} Frankfort, H., Cylinder Seals, 1939, 204–7 and 275 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 6} Schaeffer, op. cit., 408–14.

^{page 50 note 7} Archaeologia, LXXXII, 1932, 197Google Scholar.

^{page 50 note 8} Schaeffer, op. cit., chapter viii.

^{page 51 note 1} Schaeffer, op. cit., pl. LX.

^{page 51 note 2} Schaeffer, op. cit., 419. He here refers to an article by Déchelette, , ‘Note sur les influences égéannes au Caucase,’ in L'Anthropologie, XXI, 1910, 425Google Scholar.

^{page 51 note 3} Schaeffer, , ‘In the Wake of the Argo,’ Man, 1944, 43Google Scholar.

^{page 51 note 4} Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie Comparée, 514Google Scholar.

^{page 51 note 5} Archaeologia, LXXXII, 1932, 94Google Scholar.

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^{page 51 note 7} Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie Comparée, 381 and 514Google Scholar.

^{page 51 note 8} Antiquaries J., XIX, 1939, 28Google Scholar.

^{page 51 note 9} Childe, , Dawn of European Civilization, 1947, 149Google Scholar.

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^{page 51 note 13} Nestor, , Bericht der Römisch-Germanische Kommission, XXII, 1933, 98Google Scholar.

^{page 51 note 14} Dunareanu-Vulpe, E., Dacia, V–VI, 1935–1936, 162Google Scholar.

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^{page 52 note 1} Contenau, and Ghirshman, , Fouilles du Tepe Giyan, 1935, 51Google Scholar.

^{page 52 note 2} Iran, 1954, 69Google Scholar.

^{page 52 note 3} Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie Comparée, 464Google Scholar.

^{page 52 note 4} Fouilles de Sialk, II, 1939, 10Google Scholar; Iran, 1954, 71Google Scholar.

^{page 52 note 5} Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie Comparée, 467–77Google Scholar.

^{page 52 note 6} Prehistoric India, 1950, 221–41Google Scholar.

^{page 52 note 7} Antiquity, XVII, 1943, 179Google Scholar; Prehistoric India, 223.

^{page 52 note 8} Prehistoric India, 226.

^{page 52 note 9} Pumpelly, , Explorations in Turkestan, I, 1908, 160Google Scholar, fig. 323 and pl. 42, no. 8. Others from uncertain talus débris are also illustrated, e.g. pl. 41, no. 7.

^{page 52 note 10} Stone, , Antiquity, XXIII, 1949, 201CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 52 note 11} Wheeler, , Ancient India, 3, 1947, 123Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 1} Archaeologia, LXXXV, 225Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 2} Antiquity, XXIX, 1955, 201Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 3} Stone Age Cultures in Kenya Colony, 1931, 200–203Google Scholar and Cole, Sonia, The Prehistory of East Africa, 1954, 233Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 4} Man, 1948, 23Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 5} For a discussion on the general political collapse at the end of the Bronze Age and of the declining interest of the Mycenaean world in European resources, see Childe, and Hawkes, , Proc. Prehist. Soc., XIV, 1948, 177–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 54 note 1} ‘The Orient and Europe,’ Amer. J. Arch., XLIV, 1939, 20Google Scholar. These graves also contained segmented bone beads similar to those from Hal Tarxien, Malta, and the marine shells Cardium, Pectunculus, Columbella rusticana and Tridacna are common proving contact with the Mediterranean.

^{page 55 note 1} The often mentioned bead in the Melk Museum from an Aunjetitz grave at Wachburg, Melk (Prahist. Zeitschrift, 1934, 144Google Scholar; IPEK, 1936, 130Google Scholar) has also been examined through the kindness of Professor Pittioni. It is an oblate bead of true glass, blue in colour, 11 mm. diameter, 8 mm. thick with 2 mm. perforation, and thus confirms Willvonseder's diagnosis (Forschungen und Fortschritte, 1937, 3Google Scholar).

^{page 55 note 2} Germania, XXI, 1937, 91Google Scholar; Forschungen und Fortschritte, 1937, 3Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 3} Amer. J. Arch., LXIV, 1939, 24Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 4} ‘Aunjetitz cemeteries in Moravia,’ Památky Arch., XLIV, 1953, 277 and 326Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 5} Technical Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts, VI, 1938, 158Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 6} Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 1948, 217Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 7} Man, XLVIII, 1948Google Scholar, no. 139.

^{page 55 note 8} Swiatowit, XIX, 1948, 108–13Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 1} Behrens, G., Bodenurkunden aus Rheinhessen, I, Die Vorrömische Zeit, Mainz 1927, 26Google Scholar, no. 90. These gold beads seem to be very similar to those from Ireland in the British Museum, Archaeologia, LXXXV, 1936, 213Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 2} Notice and illustration in The Times, 23rd April, 1955.

^{page 56 note 3} Schliemann, , Mycenae, 1878, 231Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 4} Proc. Prehist. Soc., IV, 1938, 82Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 5} ‘The Double Axe in Prehistoric Europe,’ Annual of the British School at Athens, XXXVII, 1936–1937, 141–59Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 6} Norwich Castle Museum no. 37.21/134 of the Alan Cozens–Hardy Colman Memorial gift; two blue faience quoits labelled Nineteenth Dynasty, but on whose authority not known. Diameter 1 inch with perforation ½ inch and of triangular section with raised rim or moulding round edge of perforation as in the Scottish specimens.

^{page 56 note 7} Lachish II: The Fosse Temple, 1940, pl. XXI, no. 50.

^{page 56 note 8} Acta Archaeologica, XXV, 1954, 241Google Scholar. In publishing this find Professor C. J. Becker draws attention to the similarity of form of a number of Southern Scandinavian amber beads to those of faience and glass, and illustrates two amber segmented bicones from Serritslev, Jutland, which he compares convincingly with the faience segmented bicone or barrel beads from Boscregan, Cornwall. He rightly infers that the rarity and value of these faience products in northern and western Europe had a marked influence on the form of the indigenous amber beads of Denmark, and of other materials in the British Isles.

^{page 57 note 1} Faience beads of various types and colours are stated to have been found at an ancient bead factory on the Pic des Singes, Bougie,.Algeria (Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Départment de Constantine, 4 S, VIII, 1906, 69Google Scholar). The finds of unknown provenance are so badly described and the illustrations are so poor that they are not considered worthy of more than passing note here.

^{page 57 note 2} Proc. Prehist. Soc., XIX, 1953, 68Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 3} Bull, di paletnologia italiana, 1904, figs. 54, 55 and 56; Childe, , Dawn of European Civilization, 1947, 232Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 4} I am indebted to Mrs C. M. Piggott and Professor Hawkes for this information. Professor Brea kindly submitted some fragments of the beads for examination, vide Appendix.

^{page 57 note 5} Ríordáin, Ó and Stone, , Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 56, 1954, 355Google Scholar. For spectrographic analyses of these beads see below. Dr Glyn Daniel informs me that small blue glass beads have been found at nine sites in the south of France: in the Grotte de Bringaret, Aude; in the Romanin ossuary near St Remy, Bouches du Rhone; in the Grotte Monier, Var; Dolmen de la Grailhe, Gard; Dolmen de Pilandes-Costes, Aveyron; Grotte de St. Jean d'Alcas, Aveyron; in an allée couverte at Fournes, Hérault; and in the Grotte de la Madeleine, Hérault. Dr J. Arnal has kindly supplemented this information by stating that wirewound glass beads are known from Gard (1), Hérault (1), Aveyron (25 or more), Aude (24 or more), Gironde (1 certain and probably 5 or more), Loir et Cher (many), Cotes du Nord (1) and Finistère (1 at least). All suggest trade with the Eastern Mediterranean comparable with the contemporary faience beads.

^{page 58 note 1} Archaeologia, LXXXV, 1936, 227Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 1} The possible connection between the amber routes and the distribution of faience beads during the Mycenaean Age has already been commented upon by ProfessorClark, J. G. D. in his Prehistoric Europe, 1952, 268–9Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 2} He notes, however, Wace's earlier remarks that amber, while common in LH I and II tombs (1600–1400), became less common and then only in the early tombs of LH III (1400–1100) at Mycenae, , Archaeologia, LXXXII, 1932, 204Google Scholar. Wace here quotes Nilsson, , Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, 17Google Scholar, who attributes the lack of amber in LH III to the weakening of northern connexions. I am much indebted to Professor Piggott for this information.

^{page 59 note 3} Adze no. 685, Proc. Prehist. Soc., XVII, 1951, 96 and 157Google Scholar. The non-ophitic dolerite of this adze is identical with that of another exotic axe from Cornwall, no. 674.

^{page 59 note 4} Unpublished axe no. 877 of the South-Western Sub-Committee from Calne, Wiltshire. This is a corundum or emery which Lt.-Colonel Campbell-Smith and Dr Wallis consider can only have originated from Naxos or a nearby island in the Greek archipelago.

^{page 59 note 5} Proc. Prehist. Soc., XIX, 1953, 224Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 6} Antiquaries J., XXXII, 1952, 30Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 7} For a re-appraisal of these discs and their probable dating post 1400, see de Navarro, J. M., ‘The British Isles and the beginning of the Northern Bronze Age’ in The Early Cultures of North-West Europe (H. M. Chadwick Memorial Studies), 1950, 100–4Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 8} Proc. Prehist. Soc., XVII, 1951, 95Google Scholar; see, however, Miss S. Benton's criticism of the dating of this sword, ibid., XVIII. 1952, 237.

^{page 59 note 9} Annual British School, Athens, XXV, 1921–1923, 57Google Scholar. The Egyptian necklaces on which the beads occur are in the Ashmolean Museum, no. EE 214 from Thebes and no. EE 250 from Egypt, both of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

^{page 61 note 1} These routes and the legendary expeditions of the Argo have been exhaustively examined in connexion with the amber trade routes by MissBacon, Janet in her Voyages of the Argonauts, Methuen 1925Google Scholar. She asks the question ‘Is it a mere coincidence that the Argonauts, in one account or another, are credited with travelling by all these routes, or routes so like them as to be probably garbled versions of the same trade routes ? It seems hardly possible to entertain the idea of such a fourfold coincidence’ (p. 121). She pertinently concludes that ‘Argo was many ships’ used in trading expeditions in search of amber and gold.

^{page 68 note 1} DrRitchie, P. D. in ‘Far Eastern glass; some Western origins,’ by Seligman, C. G. and Beck, H. C., Bull. Museum Far Eastern Antiquities, no. 10, Stockholm, 1938Google Scholar; ‘Spectrographic studies on Ancient Glass,’ by Ritchie, P. D., Tech. Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts, V, 1937, 209Google Scholar; and ‘Egyptian Glass, mainly of the 18th Dynasty, with special reference to its cobalt content,’ by M. Farnsworth and P. D. Ritchie, ibid., VI, 1938, 154.

^{page 68 note 2} Beck, and Stone, , Archaeologia, LXXXV, 1936, 252Google Scholar; Stone, , Antiquity, XXIII, 1949, 201–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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^{page 73 note 1} Ríordáin, Ó and Stone, , Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 56, 1954, 354–8Google Scholar.

^{page 73 note 2} A specimen obtained from an excavation by M. Pierre Temple, who, through Dr J. Arnal, kindly submitted it as a sample of similar type to the glass beads found with a faience spacing bead in a cave at Treille, Mailhac, Aude. Dr Arnal tells us that similar ones occur in the dolmens of Aveyron and in the Grotte de la Clapade. See note on page 57, for possible other examples.

^{page 73 note 3} Both of these materials were used in our original endeavours to produce ‘Scottish glassy faience,’ Archaeologia, LXXXV, 210Google Scholar.

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