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Associations of prenatal depressive symptoms with DNA methylation of HPA axis-related genes and diurnal cortisol profiles in primary school-aged children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2018

Valeska Stonawski ,
Stefan Frey ,
Yulia Golub ,
Nicolas Rohleder ,
Jennifer Kriebel ,
Tamme W. Goecke ,
Peter A. Fasching ,
Matthias W. Beckmann ,
Johannes Kornhuber  and
Oliver Kratz
...Show all authors
Valeska Stonawski*
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
Stefan Frey
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen
Yulia Golub
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen
Nicolas Rohleder
Affiliation:
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
Jennifer Kriebel
Affiliation:
Helmholtz Zentrum München German Center for Diabetes Research
Tamme W. Goecke
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen RoMed Hospital Rosenheim
Peter A. Fasching
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen
Matthias W. Beckmann
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen
Johannes Kornhuber
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen
Oliver Kratz
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen
Gunther H. Moll
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen
Hartmut Heinrich
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen kbo-Heckscher-Klinikum
Anna Eichler
Affiliation:
University Hospital Erlangen
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Valeska Stonawski, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; E-mail: valeska.stonawski@uk-erlangen.de.
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Abstract

Epigenetic DNA modifications in genes related to the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are discussed as a mechanism underlying the association between prenatal depression and altered child HPA activity. In a longitudinal study, DNA methylation changes related to prenatal depressive symptoms were investigated in 167 children aged 6 to 9 years. At six candidate genes, 126 cytosine–guanine dinucleotides were considered without correcting for multiple testing due to the exploratory nature of the study. Further associations with the basal child HPA activity were examined. Children exposed to prenatal depressive symptoms exhibited lower bedtime cortisol (p = .003, ηp2 = 0.07) and a steeper diurnal slope (p = .023, ηp2 = 0.06). For total cortisol release, prenatal exposure was related to lower cortisol release in boys, and higher release in girls. Furthermore, prenatal depressive symptoms were associated with altered methylation in the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1), the mineralocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C2), and the serotonin receptor gene (SLC6A4), with some sex-specific effects (p = .012–.040, ηp2 = 0.03–0.04). In boys, prenatal depressive symptoms predicted bedtime cortisol mediated by NR3C2 methylation, indirect effect = –0.07, 95% confidence interval [–0.16, –0.02]. Results indicate relations of prenatal depressive symptoms to both child basal HPA activity and DNA methylation, partially fitting a mediation model, with exposed boys and girls being affected differently.

Keywords

cortisolDNA methylationepigeneticspregnancyprenatal depression
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , May 2019 , pp. 419 - 431
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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Footnotes

The project was supported by the ELAN Fonds of the University Hospital of Erlangen, Germany (to A.E.). The Staedtler-Stifung (Nürnberg, Germany) grant covered the costs for the DNA methylation analysis (to G.H.M.). The authors thank all families who participated in FRANCES, as well as all colleagues and student assistants who contributed to this study. Special thanks to Jörg Distler and Ruth Steigleder for their technical support. The present work was performed in partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the PhD degree of Valeska Stonawski.

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