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Does voluntary assisted dying cause public stigma for the bereaved? A vignette-based experiment
- Sarah Philippkowski, Moira O'Connor, Maarten C. Eisma, Lindy Willmott, Andrew R. Johnson, Lauren J. Breen
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- Journal:
- Palliative & Supportive Care / Volume 19 / Issue 5 / October 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 January 2021, pp. 558-562
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Objective
Studies in countries where assisted dying is legal show that bereaved people express concern over the potential for social disapproval and social stigma because of the manner of death. There are indications that voluntary assisted dying is judged as less acceptable if the deceased is younger. A vignette-based experiment was used to determine whether public stigma (i.e., negative emotional reactions and desired social distance) and expected grief symptoms are higher for conjugally bereaved people through voluntary assisted dying (vs. long-term illness), when the deceased is a young adult (vs. older adult).
MethodA 2 × 2 randomized factorial design was conducted with 164 Australian adults (130 women, 34 men, Mage = 37.69 years). Each participant was randomized online to read one of four vignettes and completed measures of anger, fear, prosocial emotions, desire for social distance, and expectations of grief symptomatology.
ResultsA multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. Death at a young age (28 years) was significantly associated with stronger negative emotional reactions of fear ($\eta _p^2 = 0.04$, P = 0.048) and anger ($\eta _p^2 = 0.06$, P = 0.010). There were no differences in outcomes associated with the mode of death, nor was there an interaction between mode of death and age group.
Significance of resultsConcerns that voluntary assisted dying elicits public stigma appear unfounded. The fact that participants reported significantly higher anger and fear in response to bereaved people experiencing loss at a younger (vs. older) age, irrespective of cause of death, indicates that young people who lose their spouse might benefit from additional support.
Topographic Rossby waves in a polar basin
- Andrew P. Bassom, Andrew J. Willmott
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 899 / 25 September 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 July 2020, A9
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Approximate analytical expressions for the eigenfrequencies of freely propagating, divergent, barotropic topographic Rossby waves over a step shelf are derived. The amplitude equation, that incorporates axisymmetric topography while retaining full spherical geometry, is analysed by standard asymptotic methods based on the limited latitudinal extent of the polar basin as the natural small parameter. The magnitude of the planetary potential vorticity field, $\Pi _P$, increases poleward in the deep basin and over the shelf. However, everywhere over the shelf $\Pi _P$ exceeds its deep-basin value. Consequently, the polar basin waveguide supports two families of vorticity waves; here, our concern is restricted to the study of topographic Rossby (shelf) waves. The leading-order eigenfrequencies and cross-basin eigenfunctions of these modes are derived. Moreover, the spherical geometry allows an infinite number of azimuthally propagating modes. We also discuss the corrections to these leading-order eigenfrequencies. It is noted that these corrections can be associated with planetary waves that can propagate in the opposite direction to the shelf waves. For parameter values typical of the Arctic Ocean, planetary wave modes have periods of tens of days, significantly longer than the shelf wave periods of one to five days. We suggest that observations of vorticity waves in the Beaufort Gyre with periods of tens of days reported in the refereed literature could be associated with planetary, rather than topographic, Rossby waves.
Contributors
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- By Yasir Abu-Omar, Matthew E. Atkins, Joseph E. Arrowsmith, Alan Ashworth, Rubia Baldassarri, Craig R. Bailey, David J. Barron, Christiana C. Burt, David Cardone, Coralie Carle, Jose Coddens, Alan M. Cohen, Simon Colah, Sarah Conolly, David J. Daly, Helen M. Daly, Stefan G. De Hert, Ravi J. De Silva, Mark Dougherty, John J. Dunning, Maros Elsik, Betsy Evans, Florian Falter, Nigel Farnum, Jens Fassl, Juliet E. Foweraker, Simon P. Fynn, Andrew I. Gardner, Margaret I. Gillham, Martin J. Goddard, Maximilien J. Gourdin, Jon Graham, Stephen J. Gray, Cameron Graydon, Fabio Guarracino, Roger M. O. Hall, Michael Haney, Charles W. Hogue, Ben W. Howes, Bevan Hughes, Siân I. Jaggar, David P. Jenkins, Jörn Karhausen, Todd Kiefer, Khalid Khan, Andrew A. Klein, John D. Kneeshaw, Andrew C. Knowles, Catherine V. Koffel, R. Clive Landis, Trevor W. R. Lee, Clive J. Lewis, Jonathan H. Mackay, Amod Manocha, Jonathan B. Mark, Sarah Marstin, William T. McBride, Kenneth H. McKinlay, Alan F. Merry, Berend Mets, Britta Millhoff, Kevin P. Morris, Samer A. M. Nashef, Andrew Neitzel, Stephane Noble, Rabi Panigrahi, Barbora Parizkova, J. M. Tom Pierce, Mihai V. Podgoreanu, Hans-Joachim Priebe, Paul Quinton, C. Ramaswamy Rajamohan, Doris M. Rassl, Tom Rawlings, Fiona E. Reynolds, Andrew J. Richardson, David Riddington, Andrew Roscoe, Paul H. M. Sadleir, Ving Yuen See Tho, Herve Schlotterbeck, Maura Screaton, Shitalkumar Shah, Harjot Singh, Jon H. Smith, M. L. Srikanth, Yeewei W. Teo, Kamen P. Valchanov, Jean-Pierre van Besouw, Isabeau A. Walker, Stephen T. Webb, Francis C. Wells, John Whitbread, Charles Willmott, Patrick Wouters
- Edited by Jonathan H. Mackay, Joseph E. Arrowsmith
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- Book:
- Core Topics in Cardiac Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 April 2012
- Print publication:
- 15 March 2012, pp x-xiii
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Polynya flux model solutions incorporating a parameterization for the collection thickness of consolidated new ice
- NICHOLAS R. T. BIGGS, MIGUEL A. MORALES MAQUEDA, ANDREW J. WILLMOTT
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 408 / 10 April 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 April 2000, pp. 179-204
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Previous polynya flux models have specified a constant value for the collection thickness of frazil ice, H, at the polynya edge. In certain circumstances, this approach can cause the frazil ice depth, h, within the polynya, to exceed H, a result which violates assumptions made in the formulation of the ice flux balance equations at the polynya edge. To overcome this problem, a parameterization for H is derived in terms of the depth of frazil ice arriving at the polynya edge and the component, normal to the polynya edge, of the frazil ice velocity relative to the velocity of the consolidated ice pack. Thus, H is coupled to the unknown polynya edge. Using the new parameterization for H, an analysis of the unsteady one-dimensional opening of a coastal polynya is presented. Analytical solutions are also derived, using the new parameterization for H, for steady-state two-dimensional polynyas adjacent to a semi-infinite and finite-length coastal barrier, the latter case representing a prototype island. In all cases, the solutions show close qualitative and quantitative agreement with those derived using a constant value for H. However, the steady-state two-dimensional polynya edge can, in certain circumstances, exhibit a corner at the point where the offshore equilibrium width is reached. Precise conditions for the existence of a corner are derived in terms of the orientation of the frazil ice velocity (u) and the consolidated ice velocity (U). Upper and lower bounds are also obtained for the area of the steady-state island polynya, and it is shown that over a large range of orientations of u and U, the area exceeds that associated with the island polynya with constant H. Finally, two simulations of the St. Lawrence Island Polynya are presented using the new parameterization for H, and the results are compared with the H-constant theory.