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2 Effects of Early Exposure to More Than One Language in the Home on Language Skills and Brain Functional Network Organization in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Bosi Chen, Adriana Rios, Lindsay Olson, Madison Salmina, Stephanie Peña, Annika Linke, Inna Fishman
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 210-211
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- Article
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Objective:
Concerns that exposure to more than one language in the home might negatively impact language development in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are common among caregivers. Although research directly examining the impact of a multilingual home environment in ASD is scarce, emerging evidence shows that language outcomes might be equivalent or better in children with ASD exposed to more than one language (Romero & Uddin, 2021). However, no evidence to date exists on whether exposure to more than one language affects early brain functional development in children with ASD. The current study aims to examine the (1) cross-sectional and (2) longitudinal associations between home language environment (exposure to one v. multiple languages at home, H1l vs. H>1l) and receptive and expressive language skills in young children with and without ASD, and (3) to investigate links between home language environment and brain functional network organization.
Participants and Methods:Participants included young children with ASD (n=67, mean age: 35±13 months, H>1l n=43) and typically developing (TD) children (n=39, mean age: 32±16 months, H>1l n=17) enrolled in a longitudinal study of early brain markers of autism. A subset of children with ASD for whom longitudinal behavioral data from two study visits were available (n=21, H>1l n=11) were used for exploratory analysis. Receptive language (RL) and expressive language (EL) skills were assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning at each study visit. Data from 42 children with ASD (H>1l n=27) and 38 TD children (H>1l n= 15) for whom functional MRI data were acquired during natural sleep were included in functional connectivity (FC) analysis. ANCOVAs were employed to examine the effect of diagnosis, home language environment (H1l vs. H>1l) and its interaction on RL and EL skills while controlling for socioeconomic variables (i.e., maternal education level, income-to-needs ratio) and gestational age at birth. Linear mixed models were applied to explore the longitudinal effect of home language environment on RL and EL skills across two study visits in the ASD group. Lastly, FC analysis was conducted to compare functional connectivity across 7 canonical brain networks in children with and without ASD who were raised in H1l and H>1l.
Results:We found significant diagnosis by home language environment interaction effect on EL skills, with children with ASD and H1l exhibiting the lowest EL skills. Longitudinal analysis identified a significant home language environment by study visit interaction effect on EL skills in children with ASD. Specifically, children with ASD and H1l showed lower EL skills at study visit 1 but equivalent EL skills at study visit 2 compared to children with ASD and H>1l. FC analysis revealed that children with ASD and H>1l displayed more typical brain network organization (similar to TD children) compared to those with H1l, specifically for FC between language, frontoparietal, and default mode networks.
Conclusions:These results suggest that early exposure to more than one language in the home may be linked with better expressive language skills in young children with ASD. Results of functional connectivity analysis also suggest that exposure to more than one language may be associated with more neurotypical functional network organization, particularly involving language and high-order networks.
12 - Demography and group composition of Ateles
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- By Yukiko Shimooka, Laboratory of Human Evolution, Department of Zoology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, Christina J. Campbell, Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA, Anthony Di Fiore, Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA, Annika M. Felton, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia, Kosei Izawa, Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yamanashi, 409–0193, Japan, Andres Link, Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA, Akisato Nishimura, Biological Laboratory, Science and Engineering Research Institute, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 602-8580, Japan, Gabriel Ramos-Fernández, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca 71230, México, Robert B. Wallace, Wildlife Conservation Society – Bolivia, San Miguel, La Paz, Bolivia
- Edited by Christina J. Campbell, California State University, Northridge
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- Book:
- Spider Monkeys
- Published online:
- 05 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 25 September 2008, pp 329-348
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Summary
Introduction
Spider monkeys are distributed widely throughout Central and South America and studies have been conducted at a variety of sites across the geographic range of the genus (see Table 1.1 in Campbell, this volume). However, detailed information about group composition and demography of spider monkeys remains largely unavailable. Because their fission–fusion social organization allows researchers to observe only a part of a group at any time, short-term surveys can rarely document overall group size and composition. Only a cumulative data set of party composition based on individual identification and longitudinal research can help determine the full composition of a group. Furthermore, the rarity of births and deaths make other demographic variables such as interbirth intervals only available through long-term investigation. In the 1980s, relevant demographic information from wild populations was available only for seven groups from five sites for three Ateles species. In this chapter, we present an updated summary of existing data on four Ateles species from 18 groups and 13 sites. We analyze both previously published and new data from these sites and compare them in order to re-examine the demographic characteristics of spider monkey groups.
Methods
Demographic data from 18 groups and 13 sites (Table 12.1) were gathered from the literature and augmented with data from a questionnaire sent to spider monkey researchers in 2005.