In the early 1970s the first large cohorts of Chicano PhD scholars entered academia, often hired into faculty positions at newly created Chicano departments or centers. These Chicano scholars came after earlier pioneer Mexican-American historians such as Carlos Castañeda and George I. Sanchez at the University of Texas, Austin; Julian Samora of the University of Notre Dame; and Carlos Cortes of the University of California, Riverside. Instead, they came of age during the fluorescence of the Chicano movimiento of the 1960s and 1970s. The academic identities of the first Chicano PhD scholars were firmly grounded in Chicanismo, a term which emphasizes ethnic nationalism, political and economic equity, and cultural and community pride.