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I-Corps@NCATS trains clinical and translational science teams to accelerate translation of research innovations into practice
- Kathryn Nearing, Julie Rainwater, Stacey Neves, Pamela Bhatti, Bruce Conway, Nathaniel Hafer, Kevin Harter, Nicholas Kenyon, Margaret M. McManus, Demetria M. McNeal, Elaine H. Morrato, Suhrud M. Rajguru, Molly Wasko
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 December 2020, e66
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Introduction:
A key barrier to translation of biomedical research discoveries is a lack of understanding among scientists regarding the complexity and process of implementation. To address this challenge, the National Science Foundation’s Innovation Corps™ (I-Corps™) program trains researchers in entrepreneurship. We report results from the implementation of an I-Corps™ training program aimed at biomedical scientists from institutions funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS).
Methods:National/regional instructors delivered 5-week I-Corps@NCATS short courses to 62 teams (150 individuals) across six institutions. Content included customer discovery, value proposition, and validating needs. Teams interviewed real-life customers and presented the value of innovations for specific end-users weekly, culminating in a “Finale” featuring their refined business thesis and business model canvas. Methodology was developed to evaluate the newly adapted program. National mixed-methods evaluation assessed program implementation, reach, effectiveness using observations of training delivery and surveys at Finale (n = 55 teams), and 3–12 months post-training (n = 34 teams).
Results:Innovations related to medical devices (33%), drugs/biologics (20%), software applications (16%), and diagnostics (8%). An average of 24 interviews was conducted. Teams reported increased readiness for commercialization over time (83%, 9 months; 14%, 3 months). Thirty-nine percent met with institutional technology transfer to pursue licensing/patents and 24% pursued venture capital/investor funding following the short courses.
Conclusions:I-Corps@NCATS training provided the NCATS teams a rigorous and repeatable process to aid development of a business model based on customer needs. Outcomes of this pilot program support the expansion of I-Corps™ training to biomedical scientists for accelerating research translation.
Double Dissociation of Auditory Attention Span and Visual Attention in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cerebellar Tumor: A Deterministic Tractography Study of the Cerebellar-Frontal and the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Pathways
- Alyssa S. Ailion, Tricia Z. King, Simone R. Roberts, Brian Tang, Jessica A. Turner, Christopher M. Conway, Bruce Crosson
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 26 / Issue 10 / November 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 April 2020, pp. 939-953
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Objective:
Right cerebellar-left frontal (RC-LF) white matter integrity (WMI) has been associated with working memory. However, prior studies have employed measures of working memory that include processing speed and attention. We examined the relationships between the RC-LF WMI and processing speed, attention, and working memory to clarify the relationship of RC-LF WMI with a specific cognitive function. Right superior longitudinal fasciculus II (SLF II) WMI and visual attention were included as a negative control tract and task to demonstrate a double dissociation.
Methods:Adult survivors of childhood brain tumors [n = 29, age: M = 22 years (SD = 5), 45% female] and demographically matched controls were recruited (n = 29). Tests of auditory attention span, working memory, and visual attention served as cognitive measures. Participants completed a 3-T MRI diffusion-weighted imaging scan. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) served as WMI measures. Partial correlations between WMI and cognitive scores included controlling for type of treatment.
Results:A correlational double dissociation was found. RC-LF WMI was associated with auditory attention (FA: r = .42, p = .03; RD: r = −.50, p = .01) and was not associated with visual attention (FA: r = −.11, p = .59; RD: r = −.11, p = .57). SLF II FA WMI was associated with visual attention (FA: r = .44, p = .02; RD: r = −.17, p = .40) and was not associated with auditory attention (FA: r = .24, p = .22; RD: r = −.10, p = .62).
Conclusions:The results show that RC-LF WMI is associated with auditory attention span rather than working memory per se and provides evidence for a specificity based on the correlational double dissociation.
2389: I-Corps at NCATS: Toward entrepreneurial training for clinical and translational investigators and lessons learned in team-based customer and stakeholder discovery
- Molly Wasko, Elaine Morrato, Nicholas Kenyon, Suhrud Rajguru, Bruce Conway, Sara Love, Nate Hafer, Pamela Bhatti, Jonathan Fay, Seth Zonies
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 1 / Issue S1 / September 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 May 2018, pp. 38-39
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goal of this abstract/presentation is to share lessons learned from participation in the NIH SBIR I-Corps Train-The-Trainer Program, discuss our experiences offering programs at our local institutions, and communicate our plans to develop an I-Corps@NCATS program that can be disseminated across the CTSA network. We believe that an I-Corps@NCATS program will enhance the process of scientific translation by taking best practices from NSF I-Corps and adapting the program to meet the needs of biomedical scientists in academic medical centers. By integrating I-Corps@NCATS training, we hypothesize that the clinical and translational investigator base will be better prepared to identify new innovations and to accelerate translation through commercialization. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The diverse, interdisciplinary team of investigators involved in this project span 9 CTSA Hubs, including UAB, Rockefeller, UC Denver, HMC-Penn State, UMass, UC Davis, Emory/Georgia Tech, Miami and Michigan. This team was funded by NCATS in 2015–2016 to participate in the CTSA I-Corps Train-The-Trainer Program in conjunction with the NIH-SBIR/STTR I-Corps national program. The goals were to observe the curriculum, interact with and learn from the NSF National Teaching Team and begin implementation of similar programs at our home institutions. Our I-Corps@NCATS team has been holding monthly, and more recently weekly, conference calls to discuss our experiences implementing local programs and to develop a strategy for expanding CTSA offerings that include innovation and entrepreneurship. Our experience revealed several challenges with the existing NSF/NIH I-Corps program offerings: (1) there is no standard curriculum tailored to academic clinical and translational research and biomedical innovations in the life sciences, and (2) the training process to certify instructors in the I-Corps methodology is a much more rigorous and structured process than just observing an I-Corps program (eg, requires mentored training with a national NSF I-Corps trainer). Our team is proposing to address these gaps by taking best practices from NSF I-Corps and adapting the program to create the I-Corps@NCATS Program, tailored to meet the needs of researchers and clinicians in academic medical centers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There are 3 primary anticipated results of our project. First, develop a uniform curriculum for the I-Corps@NCATS Program using the National Teaching Team of experts from the NIH’s SBIR I-Corps program. Second, build the I-Corps@NCATS network capacity through a regional Train-The-Trainer Program. Third, develop a set of common metrics to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of the I-Corps@NCATS Program across the community of CTSA Hubs and their respective collaborative networks. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Over the past 10 years, CTSA Hubs have accelerated science by creating/supporting programs that provide research infrastructure, informatics, pilot funding, education/training, and research navigator services to investigators. These investments help to ensure that we are “doing science right” using the best practices in clinical research. Even so, it is equally important to make investments to ensure that we are “doing the right science.” Are our investigators tackling research problems that our stakeholders, patients, and communities want and need, to make sure that our investments in science have real-world impact? In order to accelerate discoveries toward better health, scientists need to have a better way to understand the needs, wants and desires of the people for whom their research will serve, and how to overcome key obstacles along the path of innovation and commercialization. To fill this gap, we propose that the CTSA Hubs should include in their portfolio of activities a hands-on, lean startup program tailored after the highly successful NSF Innovation Corps (I-Corps) program. We hypothesize that by adapting the NSF I-Corps program to create an I-Corps@NCATS program tailored to medical research, we will better prepare our scientists and engineers to extend their focus beyond the laboratory and broaden the impact of their research. Investigators trained through I-Corps@NCATS are expected to be able to produce more innovative ideas, take a more informed perspective about how to evaluate the clinical and commercial impact of an idea, and quickly prototype and test new solutions in clinical settings.
Utilizing a Pediatric Disaster Coalition Model to Increase Pediatric Critical Care Surge Capacity in New York City
- Michael Frogel, Avram Flamm, Mayer Sagy, Katharine Uraneck, Edward Conway, Michael Ushay, Bruce M. Greenwald, Louisdon Pierre, Vikas Shah, Mohamed Gaffoor, Arthur Cooper, George Foltin
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 11 / Issue 4 / August 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 June 2017, pp. 473-478
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A mass casualty event can result in an overwhelming number of critically injured pediatric victims that exceeds the available capacity of pediatric critical care (PCC) units, both locally and regionally. To address these gaps, the New York City (NYC) Pediatric Disaster Coalition (PDC) was established. The PDC includes experts in emergency preparedness, critical care, surgery, and emergency medicine from 18 of 25 major NYC PCC-capable hospitals. A PCC surge committee created recommendations for making additional PCC beds available with an emphasis on space, staff, stuff (equipment), and systems. The PDC assisted 15 hospitals in creating PCC surge plans by utilizing template plans and site visits. These plans created an additional 153 potential PCC surge beds. Seven hospitals tested their plans through drills. The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the need for planning for disasters involving children and to provide a stepwise, replicable model for establishing a PDC, with one of its primary goals focused on facilitating PCC surge planning. The process we describe for developing a PDC can be replicated to communities of any size, setting, or location. We offer our model as an example for other cities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:473–478)
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- By Douglas L. Arnold, Laura J. Balcer, Amit Bar-Or, Sergio E. Baranzini, Frederik Barkhof, Robert A. Bermel, Francois A. Bethoux, Dennis N. Bourdette, Richard K. Burt, Peter A. Calabresi, Zografos Caramanos, Tanuja Chitnis, Stacey S. Cofield, Jeffrey A. Cohen, Nadine Cohen, Alasdair J. Coles, Devon Conway, Stuart D. Cook, Gary R. Cutter, Peter J. Darlington, Ann Dodds-Frerichs, Ranjan Dutta, Gilles Edan, Michelle Fabian, Franz Fazekas, Massimo Filippi, Elizabeth Fisher, Paulo Fontoura, Corey C. Ford, Robert J. Fox, Natasha Frost, Alex Z. Fu, Siegrid Fuchs, Kazuo Fujihara, Kristin M. Galetta, Jeroen J.G. Geurts, Gavin Giovannoni, Nada Gligorov, Ralf Gold, Andrew D. Goodman, Myla D. Goldman, Jenny Guerre, Stephen L. Hauser, Peter B. Imrey, Douglas R. Jeffery, Stephen E. Jones, Adam I. Kaplin, Michael W. Kattan, B. Mark Keegan, Kyle C. Kern, Zhaleh Khaleeli, Samia J. Khoury, Joep Killestein, Soo Hyun Kim, R. Philip Kinkel, Stephen C. Krieger, Lauren B. Krupp, Emmanuelle Le Page, David Leppert, Scott Litwiller, Fred D. Lublin, Henry F. McFarland, Joseph C. McGowan, Don Mahad, Jahangir Maleki, Ruth Ann Marrie, Paul M. Matthews, Francesca Milanetti, Aaron E. Miller, Deborah M. Miller, Xavier Montalban, Charity J. Morgan, Ichiro Nakashima, Sridar Narayanan, Avindra Nath, Paul W. O’Connor, Jorge R. Oksenberg, A. John Petkau, Michael D. Phillips, J. Theodore Phillips, Tammy Phinney, Sean J. Pittock, Sarah M. Planchon, Chris H. Polman, Alexander Rae-Grant, Stephen M. Rao, Stephen C. Reingold, Maria A. Rocca, Richard A. Rudick, Amber R. Salter, Paula Sandler, Jaume Sastre-Garriga, John R. Scagnelli, Dana J. Serafin, Lynne Shinto, Nancy L. Sicotte, Jack H. Simon, Per Soelberg Sørensen, Ryan E. Stagg, James M. Stankiewicz, Lael A. Stone, Amy Sullivan, Matthew Sutliff, Jessica Szpak, Alan J. Thompson, Bruce D. Trapp, Helen Tremlett, Maria Trojano, Orla Tuohy, Rhonda R. Voskuhl, Marc K. Walton, Mike P. Wattjes, Emmanuelle Waubant, Martin S. Weber, Howard L Weiner, Brian G. Weinshenker, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, Jeffrey L. Winters, Jerry S. Wolinsky, Vijayshree Yadav, E. Ann Yeh, Scott S. Zamvil
- Edited by Jeffrey A. Cohen, Richard A. Rudick
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- Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics
- Published online:
- 05 December 2011
- Print publication:
- 20 October 2011, pp viii-xii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway
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- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
- Print publication:
- 23 August 2010
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This is a long-overdue volume dedicated to space trajectory optimization. Interest in the subject has grown, as space missions of increasing levels of sophistication, complexity, and scientific return - hardly imaginable in the 1960s - have been designed and flown. Although the basic tools of optimization theory remain an accepted canon, there has been a revolution in the manner in which they are applied and in the development of numerical optimization. This volume purposely includes a variety of both analytical and numerical approaches to trajectory optimization. The choice of authors has been guided by the editor's intention to assemble the most expert and active researchers in the various specialities presented. The authors were given considerable freedom to choose their subjects, and although this may yield a somewhat eclectic volume, it also yields chapters written with palpable enthusiasm and relevance to contemporary problems.
Index
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
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- 06 December 2010
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- 23 August 2010, pp 295-298
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Frontmatter
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
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- 06 December 2010
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- 23 August 2010, pp i-vi
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10 - Swarming Theory Applied to Space Trajectory Optimization
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- By Mauro Pontani, Scuola di Ingegneria Aerospaziale, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy, Bruce A. Conway, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
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- 23 August 2010, pp 263-294
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Summary
Introduction
The determination of optimal (either minimum-time or minimum-propellant-consumption) space trajectories has been pursued for decades with different numerical optimization methods. In general, numerical optimization methods can be classified as deterministic or stochastic methods. Deterministic gradient-based methods assume the continuity and differentiability of the objective function to be minimized. In addition, gradient-based methods are local in nature and require the identification of a suitable first-attempt “solution” in the region of convergence, which is unknown a priori and strongly problem dependent. These circumstances have motivated the development of effective stochastic methods in the last decades. These algorithms are also referred to as evolutionary algorithms and are inspired by natural phenomena. Evolutionary computation techniques exploit a population of individuals, representing possible solutions to the problem of interest. The optimal solution is sought through cooperation and competition among individuals. The most popular class of these techniques is represented by the genetic algorithms (GA), which model the evolution of a species based on Darwin's principle of survival of the fittest. Differential evolution algorithms represent alternative stochastic approaches with some analogy with genetic algorithms, in the sense that new individuals are generated from old individuals and are eventually preserved after comparing them with their parents. Ant colony optimization is another method, inspired by the behavior of ants, whereas the simulated annealing algorithm mimics the equilibrium of large numbers of atoms during an annealing process.
1 - The Problem of Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
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- By Bruce A. Conway, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
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- 23 August 2010, pp 1-15
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Summary
Introduction
The subject of spacecraft trajectory optimization has a long and interesting history. The problem can be simply stated as the determination of a trajectory for a spacecraft that satisfies specified initial and terminal conditions, that is conducting a required mission, while minimizing some quantity of importance. The most common objective is to minimize the propellant required or equivalently to maximize the fraction of the spacecraft that is not devoted to propellant. Of course, as is common in the optimization of continuous dynamical systems, it is usually necessary to provide some practical upper bound for the final time or the optimizer will trade time for propellant. There are also spacecraft trajectory problems where minimizing flight time is the important thing, or problems, for example those using continuous thrust, where minimizing flight time and minimizing propellant use are synonymous.
Except in very special (integrable) cases, which reduce naturally to parameter optimization problems, the problem is a continuous optimization problem of an especially complicated kind.
3 - Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization Using Direct Transcription and Nonlinear Programming
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- By Bruce A. Conway, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, Stephen W. Paris, Boeing Research & Technology, Seattle, WA
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
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- 23 August 2010, pp 37-78
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Summary
Introduction
A spacecraft in flight is a dynamical system. As dynamical systems go, it is comparatively straightforward; the equations of motion are continuous and deterministic, for the unforced case they are essentially integrable, and perturbations, such as the attractions of bodies other than the central body, are usually small. The difficulties arise when the complete problem, corresponding to a real space mission, is considered. For example, a complete interplanetary flight, beginning in Earth orbit and ending with insertion into Mars orbit, has complicated, time-dependent boundary conditions, straightforward equations of motion but requires coordinate transformations when the spacecraft transitions from planet-centered to heliocentric flight (and vice versa), and likely discrete changes in system states as the rocket motor is fired and the spacecraft suddenly changes velocity and mass. If low-thrust electric propulsion is used, the system is further complicated as there no longer exist integrable arcs and the decision variables, which previously were discrete quantities such as the times, magnitudes and directions of rocket-provided impulses, now also include continuous time histories, that is, of the low-thrust throttling and of the thrust pointing direction. In addition, it may be optimizing to use the low-thrust motor for finite spans of time and “coast” otherwise, with the optimal number of these thrust arcs and coast arcs a priori unknown.
Since the cost of placing a spacecraft in orbit, which is usually the first step in any trajectory, is so enormous, it is particularly important to optimize space trajectories so that a given mission can be accomplished with the lightest possible spacecraft and within the capabilities of existing (or affordable) launch vehicles.
Contents
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
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- 06 December 2010
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- 23 August 2010, pp vii-x
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Preface
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- By Bruce Conway
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
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- 23 August 2010, pp xi-xii
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Summary
It has been a very long time since the publication of any volume dedicated solely to space trajectory optimization. The last such work may be Jean-Pierre Marec's Optimal Space Trajectories. That book followed, after 16 years, Derek Lawden's pioneering Optimal Trajectories for Space Navigation of 1963. If either of these books can be found now, it is only at a specialized used-book seller, for “astronomical” prices.
In the intervening several decades, interest in the subject has only grown, with space missions of sophistication, complexity, and scientific return hardly possible to imagine in the 1960s having been designed and flown. While the basic tools of optimization theory – such things as the calculus of variations, Pontryagin's principle, Hamilton-Jacobi theory, or Bellman's principle, all of which are useful tools for the mission designer – have not changed in this time, there has been a revolution in the manner in which they are applied and in the development of numerical optimization. The scientists and engineers responsible have thus learned what they know about spacecraft trajectory optimization from their teachers or colleagues, with the assistance, primarily, of journal and conference articles, some of which are now “classics” in the field.
This volume is thus long overdue. Of course one book of ten chapters cannot hope to comprehensively describe this complex subject or summarize the advances of three decades. While it purposely includes a variety of both analytical and numerical approaches to trajectory optimization, it is bound to omit solution methods preferred by some researchers.
9 - Optimal Low-Thrust Trajectories Using Stable Manifolds
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- By Christopher Martin, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, Bruce A. Conway, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Edited by Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
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- 23 August 2010, pp 238-262
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Summary
Introduction
The three-body system has been of interest to mathematicians and scientists for well over a century dating back to Poincaré. Much of the interest in recent years has focused on using the interesting dynamics present around libration points to create trajectories that can travel vast distances around the solar system for almost no fuel expenditure traversing the so-called “Interplanetary Super Highway” (IPS). It has also been proposed to use Lagrange points as staging bases for more ambitious missions.
Lagrange points are equilibrium points of the three-body system that describes the motion of a massless particle in the presence of two massive primaries in a reference frame that rotates with the primaries. There are five Lagrange points (labeled L1,…,L5), the three collinear points along the line of the two primaries, and the two equilateral points that form an equilateral triangle with the two primaries. It is the collinear points that are of the most interest and in particular the L1 point between the two primaries and the L2 point on the far side of the smaller primary. Since Poincaré, there has been much work on finding periodic solutions to the three-body problem. Early work was confined to analytic studies that are restricted to approximations as there exists no closed form analytical solution to the three-body system equations of motion.
Contributors
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- By Joanne R. Adler, David A. Alexander, Laurence Alison, Catherine C. Ayoub, Peter Banister, Anthony R. Beech, Amanda Biggs, Julian Boon, Adrian Bowers, Neil Brewer, Eric Broekaert, Paula Brough, Jennifer M. Brown, Kevin Browne, Elizabeth A. Campbell, David Canter, Michael Carlin, Shihning Chou, Martin A. Conway, Claire Cooke, David Cooke, Ilse Derluyn, Robert J. Edelmann, Vincent Egan, Tom Ellis, Marie Eyre, David P. Farrington, Seena Fazel, Daniel B. Fishman, Victoria Follette, Katarina Fritzon, Elizabeth Gilchrist, Nathan D. Gillard, Renée Gobeil, Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Jane Goodman-Delahunty, Lynsey Gozna, Don Grubin, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Helinä Häkkänen-Nyholm, Guy Hall, Nathan Hall, Roisin Hall, Sean Hammond, Leigh Harkins, Grant T. Harris, Camilla Herbert, Robert D. Hoge, Todd E. Hogue, Clive R. Hollin, Lorraine Hope, Miranda A. H. Horvath, Kevin Howells, Carol A. Ireland, Jane L. Ireland, Mark Kebbell, Michael King, Bruce D. Kirkcaldy, Heidi La Bash, Cara Laney, William R. Lindsay, Elizabeth F. Loftus, L. E. Marshall, W. L. Marshall, James McGuire, Neil McKeganey, T. M. McMillan, Mary McMurran, Joav Merrick, Becky Milne, Joanne M. Nadkarni, Claire Nee, M. D. O’Brien, William O’Donohue, Darragh O’Neill, Jane Palmer, Adria Pearson, Derek Perkins, Devon L. L. Polaschek, Louise E. Porter, Charlotte C. Powell, Graham E. Powell, Martine Powell, Christine Puckering, Ethel Quayle, Vernon L. Quinsey, Marnie E. Rice, Randall Richardson-Vejlgaard, Richard Rogers, Louis B Schlesinger, Carolyn Semmler, G. A. Serran, Ralph C. Serin, John L. Taylor, Max Taylor, Brian Thomas-Peter, Paul A. Tiffin, Graham Towl, Rosie Travers, Arlene Vetere, Graham Wagstaff, Helen Wakeling, Fiona Warren, Brandon C. Welsh, David Wexler, Margaret Wilson, Dan Yarmey, Susan Young
- Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
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- 29 April 2010, pp xix-xxiii
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Neural substrates of object identification: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence that category and visual attribute contribute to semantic knowledge
- CHRISTINA E. WIERENGA, WILLIAM M. PERLSTEIN, MICHELLE BENJAMIN, CHRISTIANA M. LEONARD, LESLIE GONZALEZ ROTHI, TIM CONWAY, M. ALLISON CATO, KAUNDINYA GOPINATH, RICHARD BRIGGS, BRUCE CROSSON
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / March 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2009, pp. 169-181
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Recent findings suggest that neural representations of semantic knowledge contain information about category, modality, and attributes. Although an object’s category is defined according to shared attributes that uniquely distinguish it from other category members, a clear dissociation between visual attribute and category representation has not yet been reported. We investigated the contribution of category (living and nonliving) and visual attribute (global form and local details) to semantic representation in the fusiform gyrus. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 40 adults named pictures of animals, tools, and vehicles. In a preliminary study, identification of objects in these categories was differentially dependent on global versus local visual feature processing. fMRI findings indicate that activation in the lateral and medial regions of the fusiform gyrus distinguished stimuli according to category, that is, living versus nonliving, respectively. In contrast, visual attributes of global form (animals) were associated with higher activity in the right fusiform gyrus, while local details (tools) were associated with higher activity in the left fusiform gyrus. When both global and local attributes were relevant to processing (vehicles), cortex in both left and right medial fusiform gyri was more active than for other categories. Taken together, results support distinctions in the role of visual attributes and category in semantic representation. (JINS, 2009, 15, 169–181.)
Neural substrates related to auditory working memory comparisons in dyslexia: An fMRI study
- TIM CONWAY, KENNETH M. HEILMAN, KAUNDINYA GOPINATH, KYUNG PECK, RUSSELL BAUER, RICHARD W. BRIGGS, JOSEPH K. TORGESEN, BRUCE CROSSON
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 14 / Issue 4 / July 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 June 2008, pp. 629-639
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Adult readers with developmental phonological dyslexia exhibit significant difficulty comparing pseudowords and pure tones in auditory working memory (AWM). This suggests deficient AWM skills for adults diagnosed with dyslexia. Despite behavioral differences, it is unknown whether neural substrates of AWM differ between adults diagnosed with dyslexia and normal readers. Prior neuroimaging of adults diagnosed with dyslexia and normal readers, and post-mortem findings of neural structural anomalies in adults diagnosed with dyslexia support the hypothesis of atypical neural activity in temporoparietal and inferior frontal regions during AWM tasks in adults diagnosed with dyslexia. We used fMRI during two binaural AWM tasks (pseudowords or pure tones comparisons) in adults diagnosed with dyslexia (n = 11) and normal readers (n = 11). For both AWM tasks, adults diagnosed with dyslexia exhibited greater activity in left posterior superior temporal (BA 22) and inferior parietal regions (BA 40) than normal readers. Comparing neural activity between groups and between stimuli contrasts (pseudowords vs. tones), adults diagnosed with dyslexia showed greater primary auditory cortex activity (BA 42; tones > pseudowords) than normal readers. Thus, greater activity in primary auditory, posterior superior temporal, and inferior parietal cortices during linguistic and non-linguistic AWM tasks for adults diagnosed with dyslexia compared to normal readers indicate differences in neural substrates of AWM comparison tasks. (JINS, 2008, 14, 629–639.)
13 - Optimal interception and deflection of Earth-approaching asteroids using low-thrust electric propulsion
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- By Bruce A. Conway, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Edited by Michael J. S. Belton, Belton Space Exploration Initiatives, Thomas H. Morgan, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington DC, Nalin H. Samarasinha, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Donald K. Yeomans, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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- Book:
- Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids
- Published online:
- 12 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 06 September 2004, pp 292-312
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Summary
Introduction
The spectacular collision of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet with Jupiter in July 1994 was a dramatic reminder of the fact that the Earth has and will continue to experience such catastrophic events. While the frequency of such massive collisions is very low, smaller objects collide with the Earth regularly and do damage that would be intolerable in any populated region. As an example, the Tunguska (Siberia) event of 1908 is estimated to have involved a 60-m object exploding at a height of 8 km and produced devastation over an area almost the same as that devastated by the eruption of Mt. St. Helens (Morrison et al. 1994). The famous 1-km Meteor Crater in Arizona was made by the impact of an even smaller body only 30 m in diameter (Adushkin and Nemchinov 1994). Human casualties due to direct meteorite strikes are rare but known (Yau 1994). The greater danger is due to the fact that the time between large impacts, such as the Tunguska impact which released tens of megatons of TNT equivalent energy, is significant compared to a human lifetime and there is a small chance that any impact will be in a populated area. The relative scarcity of such areas on the Earth may not offer the protection one might think as recent calculations suggest that larger bodies might do more damage if they didn't hit land; predicting that an impact anywhere in the Atlantic Ocean by a 400-m asteroid would devastate the (well-populated) coasts on both sides of the ocean with tsunamis over 60 m high (Hills et al. 1994).
Treatment of a case of phonological alexia with agraphia using the Auditory Discrimination in Depth (ADD) Program
- TIM W. CONWAY, PATRICIA HEILMAN, LESLIE J.G. ROTHI, ANN W. ALEXANDER, JOHN ADAIR, BRUCE A. CROSSON, KENNETH M. HEILMAN
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 4 / Issue 6 / November 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 November 1998, pp. 608-620
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Phonological alexia and agraphia are acquired disorders characterized by an impaired ability to convert graphemes to phonemes (alexia) or phonemes to graphemes (agraphia). These disorders result in phonological errors typified by adding, omitting, shifting, or repeating phonemes in words during reading or graphemes when spelling. In developmental dyslexia, similar phonological errors are believed to result from deficient phonological awareness, an oral language skill that manifests itself in the ability to notice, think about, or manipulate the individual sounds in words. The Auditory Discrimination in Depth (ADD) program has been reported to train phonological awareness in developmental dyslexia and dysgraphia. We used a multiple-probe design to evaluate the ADD program's effectiveness with a patient with a mild phonological alexia and mixed agraphia following a left hemisphere infarction. Large gains in phonological awareness, reading and spelling nonwords, and reading and spelling real words were demonstrated. A follow-up reassessment, 2 months posttreatment, found the patient had maintained treatment gains in phonological awareness and reading, and attained additional improvement in real word reading. (JINS, 1998, 4, 608–620.)