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The Relationship Between Total Gas Content of Polar Ice, Atmospheric Pressure and Surface Elevation (Abstract)
- P. Martinerie, D. Raynaud, D. Mazaudier, A. J. Gow, G. Holdsworth, V. Ya. Lipenkov, N. W. Young
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- Journal:
- Annals of Glaciology / Volume 11 / 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, p. 203
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The air found in polar ice becomes isolated from the atmosphere during the transformation of snow into ice. The total gas content, V, measured on selected ice samples depends theoretically on the atmospheric pressure and temperature prevailing at the ice-formation site and also on the volume, Vc, of the firn pores at the time they become isolated from the atmosphere in newly formed ice.
In spite of scattered individual values, a clear decrease in mean v-results has previously been observed for increasing elevations at the ice-formation site. Assuming that the pores close off at atmospheric pressure, this decrease primarily reflects the pressure-elevation gradient and typically only about 10% of the decrease can be attributed to the temperature-elevation gradient or changes in Vc.
Measurements of the total gas content of Antarctic ice cores are potentially the most direct and sensitive indicator of the elevation at which the ice was formed and provide a unique tool for reconstructing the past elevation of the ice-sheet surface. Nevertheless, to make such a reconstruction with confidence, we need first to evaluate the individual contributions of the different parameters which should influence Vc. Along this line, a stage was reached with the semi-empirical observation of a quasi-linear correlation between mean Vc and temperature, although the data points on which the correlation is based are relatively scarce. Furthermore, confidence in the paleo-interpretation of V-measurements is dependent also on an understanding of the scatter in individual V-values generally observed for a given ice-core section.
New measurements of V are presented, which permit a better and more detailed description to be made of the changes in V with atmospheric pressure and elevation under approximately present-day conditions. As a first step, scattering in the values of individual V-measurements of a single core section is investigated. The experimental method used for this work is basically the same as the one used for establishing the relationship between V and elevation, as given by Raynaud and Lebel (1979). Generally measurements performed on the same horizontal layer (about 3 cm thick) reproduce the same result within the experimental uncertainty (which is ±1%). On the other hand, measurements performed on adjacent horizontal layers may show V-differences as high as 20-25%. This confirms that the variability of the V measurements that occurs over short intervals in the core is not due to experimental uncertainties and should mainly reflect changes in Vc.
The main reason for making this new set of measurements was to increase significantly the number of sites investigated in the study of the relationship between V and elevation. The work of Raynaud and Lebel (1979) was based on six sites. The results for 14 sites (in Antarctica, Greenland, and on Mount Logan in Canada) are now available, with elevations ranging from about 340 to 5300 m and temperatures in the range −12.4° to −55.4 °C. The results confirm a general decrease in Vc with temperature. But at least one site shows mean V-values which are clearly incompatible with this general trend.
Finally, before proceeding further with studies of the distribution of V versus site parameters, we need to correct our V-measurements for the loss of gas which occurs when cutting the ice samples (and consequently opening air bubbles at the sample surface). We have developed, for this purpose, a technique which calculates random distributions of bubbles in the samples and counts the cut bubbles. This calculation depends on bubble shape and size as well as on sample volume and V. In the case of the samples used in the present study, between 3 and 10% of gas is typically lost during cutting. Bubble-size measurements have yet to be made before an accurate correction can be applied to the measurements presented here.
Sensing the physical and nutritional status of the root environment in the field: a review of progress and opportunities
- L. J. CLARK, D. J. G. GOWING, R. M. LARK, P. B. LEEDS-HARRISON, A. J. MILLER, D. M. WELLS, W. R. WHALLEY, A. P. WHITMORE
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 143 / Issue 5 / October 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 September 2005, pp. 347-358
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The challenge that faces agriculture at the start of the 21st Century is to provide security of food production in a sustainable way. Achieving this task is difficult enough, but against a background of climate change, it becomes a moving target. However, one certainty is that soil factors that limit crop growth must be taken into account as new strategies for crop management are developed. To achieve this, it is necessary to measure the physical and nutritional status of the root environment in the field. Before considering measurement methods, our understanding of how the plant interacts with its soil environment is reviewed, so that it is clear what needs to be measured. Soil strength due to soil drying is identified as an important stress that limits agricultural productivity. The scope to measure soil factors that directly affect plant growth is reviewed. While in situ sensors are better developed, progress in the development of remote sensors of soil properties are also reviewed. A robust approach is needed to interpret soil measurements at the field scale and here geostatistics has much to offer. The present review takes a forward look and explores how our understanding of plant responses to soil conditions, the newly emerging sensing technologies and geostatistical tools can be drawn together to develop robust tools for soil and crop management. This is not intended to be an exhaustive review. Instead, the authors focus on those aspects that they consider to be most important and where the greatest progress is being made.