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seven - “Why Would I Go to Hospital if It’s Not Going to Try and Save Me?”: Disabled Young People’s Experiences of the COVID-19 Crisis
- Edited by Paul Martin, University of Sheffield, Stevienna de Saille, University of Sheffield, Kirsty Liddiard, University of Sheffield, Warren Pearce, University of Sheffield
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- Book:
- Being Human during COVID-19
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 13 October 2022
- Print publication:
- 26 April 2022, pp 60-66
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Summary
Introduction
Throughout our co-produced project, Life, Death, Disability and the Human: Living Life to the Fullest (ESRC 2017– 2020), disabled children and young people living with shortened life expectancies have readily emphasized their human worth, value, and desire for the future. They have done so in disabling cultures that routinely deny them opportunity, access, and expectation. Perhaps not surprisingly, our conversations with disabled young people – and our interpretation of them – became more complex upon the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Suddenly thrown into a moment where all lives became (more) vulnerable – an already-lived reality of many of the young people in our project – it was also a time where cultures of ableism and disablism were made more explicit, and existing inequalities exacerbated. For clarity, we use the terms ‘ableism’ and ‘disablism’ throughout this chapter. Ableism relates to the material, cultural and political privileging of ability, sanity, rationality, physicality and cognition (Braidotti, 2013), while disablism is the resultant oppressive treatment of disabled people (Slater and Liddiard, 2017).
In this chapter we share co-researchers’ own blog posts and writings on their experiences of living through a pandemic. Importantly, young people’s voices explore the (new) ways in which they have made sense of risk and threat, from the virus itself, but also from discriminatory emergency policymaking, compromised access to health resources, and a general lack of governmental support – all of which has affirmed the disposability of disabled and vulnerable lives in contexts of dis/ableism.
“I know full well in this COVID-19 pandemic that my life is not one that will be saved”: managing discourses of human worth
COVID-19 began with early public health messages that only the elderly and those with existing health conditions are most at risk of serious illness or death. Such ontologically violent messages quickly sought to reassure an overwhelmingly anxious public at the expense and distress of some of those considered the most vulnerable. Further, government ministers affirmed herd immunity as an initial key strategy: the concept of allowing publics to be exposed to a virus, in the hope that spreading it among those who are at low risk means that a large part of the population becomes immune.
six - Imperilled Humanities: Locked Down, Locked In and Lockdown Politics During the Pandemic
- Edited by Paul Martin, University of Sheffield, Stevienna de Saille, University of Sheffield, Kirsty Liddiard, University of Sheffield, Warren Pearce, University of Sheffield
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- Book:
- Being Human during COVID-19
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 13 October 2022
- Print publication:
- 26 April 2022, pp 53-59
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Summary
Introduction
Our contemporary times are marked by human precarity. This precarity is, however, neither shared, universal nor new. We know that Black, disabled and poor people are disproportionately affected by COVID-19. While it is easy to explain this in terms of the unprecedented impacts of COVID-19, we know that Black, disabled and poor people have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic because of years of systemic racism, toxic capitalism and austere underfunding of health, education and social care. These seemingly disposable lives are routinely devalued. How can researchers engage with people who have been further dehumanized by the pandemic? We offer a response to this question in the context of the Black Lives Matters protests of spring 2020, with reference to the global pandemic that has had disproportionate and inequitable impacts, with a specific consideration of the particularly precarious position of disabled, poor and Black people.
Locked down
There is always a danger of reading these tumultuous times as marking a new ground zero of human suffering. Here we are, so a popular narrative tells us, enduring one of the lowest points in human history. But some of us have been here before; times where certain human lives are deemed more worthy than others. Spring 2020. CNN news is playing in the background. We are struck by the public spectacle of the Black Lives Matter protests in the States. It jars with our own solitary reality. Like many around the world, We’re staying-at-home, although stuck-at-home feels like a more authentic description. The films rolling before us indicate that the protestors are masked. Social distancing is seemingly being observed. Organized marches wind their ways down major roads in cities across the US. The protestors are clearly putting themselves at risk of transmission. This is not a criticism. It is a commentary on the insecure positions that the activists are prepared to subject themselves to in the service of collectively challenging systemic racism. They seem to be saying: “At risk of the virus? We’ve been at risk of racism for far longer”.
While we are taken by the strength in numbers of the Black Lives Matter activists, the ubiquity of the ‘Fuck Trump’ banners and the righteous fury on their faces, these displays of dissent contrast so markedly with the current isolation of a number of disabled friends of mine.
Interactive impact of childhood maltreatment, depression, and age on cortical brain structure: mega-analytic findings from a large multi-site cohort
- Leonardo Tozzi, Lisa Garczarek, Deborah Janowitz, Dan J. Stein, Katharina Wittfeld, Henrik Dobrowolny, Jim Lagopoulos, Sean N. Hatton, Ian B. Hickie, Angela Carballedo, Samantha J. Brooks, Daniella Vuletic, Anne Uhlmann, Ilya M. Veer, Henrik Walter, Robin Bülow, Henry Völzke, Johanna Klinger-König, Knut Schnell, Dieter Schoepf, Dominik Grotegerd, Nils Opel, Udo Dannlowski, Harald Kugel, Elisabeth Schramm, Carsten Konrad, Tilo Kircher, Dilara Jüksel, Igor Nenadić, Axel Krug, Tim Hahn, Olaf Steinsträter, Ronny Redlich, Dario Zaremba, Bartosz Zurowski, Cynthia H.Y. Fu, Danai Dima, James Cole, Hans J. Grabe, Colm G. Connolly, Tony T. Yang, Tiffany C. Ho, Kaja Z. LeWinn, Meng Li, Nynke A. Groenewold, Lauren E. Salminen, Martin Walter, Alan N Simmons, Theo G.M. van Erp, Neda Jahanshad, Bernhard T. Baune, Nic J.A. van der Wee, Marie-Jose van Tol, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Derrek P. Hibar, Paul M. Thompson, Dick J. Veltman, Lianne Schmaal, Thomas Frodl, ‘for the ENIGMA-MDD Consortium’
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 6 / April 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 May 2019, pp. 1020-1031
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Background
Childhood maltreatment (CM) plays an important role in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this study was to examine whether CM severity and type are associated with MDD-related brain alterations, and how they interact with sex and age.
MethodsWithin the ENIGMA-MDD network, severity and subtypes of CM using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were assessed and structural magnetic resonance imaging data from patients with MDD and healthy controls were analyzed in a mega-analysis comprising a total of 3872 participants aged between 13 and 89 years. Cortical thickness and surface area were extracted at each site using FreeSurfer.
ResultsCM severity was associated with reduced cortical thickness in the banks of the superior temporal sulcus and supramarginal gyrus as well as with reduced surface area of the middle temporal lobe. Participants reporting both childhood neglect and abuse had a lower cortical thickness in the inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal lobe, and precuneus compared to participants not exposed to CM. In males only, regardless of diagnosis, CM severity was associated with higher cortical thickness of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, a significant interaction between CM and age in predicting thickness was seen across several prefrontal, temporal, and temporo-parietal regions.
ConclusionsSeverity and type of CM may impact cortical thickness and surface area. Importantly, CM may influence age-dependent brain maturation, particularly in regions related to the default mode network, perception, and theory of mind.
Imazethapyr, Alone or with Other Herbicides for Weed Control During Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Establishment
- A. Lloyd Darwent, Dan Cole, Najib Malik
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 11 / Issue 2 / June 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 346-353
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During the establishment of alfalfa, POST applications of imazethapyr at 50 g/ha, following PPI applications of trifluralin at 1,100 g/ha, consistently provided ≥ 80% control of wild oat, volunteer canola, and shepherd's-purse with no crop injury. POST applications of the same rate of imazethapyr without PPI applications of trifluralin provided similar volunteer canola and shepherd's-purse control, but ≥ 80% wild oat control was achieved only 25% of the time. Imazethapyr, alone or following trifluralin, did not control common groundsel. Broadleaf weed control from imazethapyr at 50 g/ha tank mixed with fluazifop-P at 125 g/ha or sethoxydim at 200 g/ha was not reduced compared to imazethapyr alone. However, the probability of controlling wild oat by ≥ 90% was reduced from 83% to 0 when the same rate of imazethapyr was tank mixed with fluazifop-P, compared to fluazifop-P alone. Tank mixtures of imazethapyr at 50 g/ha and sethoxydim controlled wild oat only slightly less than sethoxydim alone. First cut and total herbage yields, obtained 1 yr after alfalfa establishment, increased where treatments effectively controlled broadleaf weeds and wild oat, compared to check plots. Second cut herbage and seed yields, also obtained 1 yr after alfalfa establishment, were not affected by any of the treatments.
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Pasture Forage Responses to Wiping with Various Herbicides
- Chad W. Grekul, Dan E. Cole, Edward W. Bork
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 19 / Issue 2 / June 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 298-306
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Weed-wipers may provide effective weed control while minimizing the application of herbicide to nontarget species in rangeland and pasture. To date, few herbicides are recommended for use in weed wiping systems. We assessed Canada thistle and non–Canada thistle herbage responses in two experiments in pastures, the first examining wiped glyphosate, the second comparing glyphosate with three broadleaf herbicides at cost-equivalent concentrations [on a volume to volume (v/v) dilution basis]. In both studies, wiping with a glyphosate solution (33% v/v, equivalent to a one to two dilution ratio of herbicide to water) resulted in lower Canada thistle density and biomass than check plots, with control lasting up to 2 yr. However, significant reductions in grass biomass also occurred and were associated with an increase in the abundance of weedy annual forbs. In contrast, wiping with a concentrated solution of clopyralid (2% v/v), picloram plus 2,4-D (20% v/ v), or 2,4-D plus mecoprop plus dicamba (24% v/v), resulted in similar levels of Canada thistle control but no reduction in grass biomass. Despite direct application of herbicides to tall weeds, clover species in mixed stands were injured. In grass-dominated pastures, wiping with broadleaf herbicides was superior to nonselective glyphosate because the former more effectively balanced Canada thistle control with the retention of grass production.
Contributors
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- By Jane E. Adcock, Yahya Aghakhani, A. Anand, Eva Andermann, Frederick Andermann, Alexis Arzimanoglou, Sandrine Aubert, Nadia Bahi-Buisson, Carman Barba, Agatino Battaglia, Geneviève Bernard, Nadir E. Bharucha, Laurence A. Bindoff, William Bingaman, Francesca Bisulli, Thomas P. Bleck, Stewart G. Boyd, Andreas Brunklaus, Harry Bulstrode, Jorge G. Burneo, Laura Canafoglia, Laura Cantonetti, Roberto H. Caraballo, Fernando Cendes, Kevin E. Chapman, Patrick Chauvel, Richard F. M. Chin, H. T. Chong, Fahmida A. Chowdhury, Catherine J. Chu-Shore, Rolando Cimaz, Andrew J. Cole, Bernard Dan, Geoffrey Dean, Alessio De Ciantis, Fernando De Paolis, Rolando F. Del Maestro, Irissa M. Devine, Carlo Di Bonaventura, Concezio Di Rocco, Henry B. Dinsdale, Maria Alice Donati, François Dubeau, Michael Duchowny, Olivier Dulac, Monika Eisermann, Brent Elliott, Bernt A. Engelsen, Kevin Farrell, Natalio Fejerman, Rosalie E. Ferner, Silvana Franceschetti, Robert Friedlander, Antonio Gambardella, Hector H. Garcia, Serena Gasperini, Lorenzo Genitori, Gioia Gioi, Flavio Giordano, Leif Gjerstad, Daniel G. Glaze, Howard P. Goodkin, Sidney M. Gospe, Andrea Grassi, William P. Gray, Renzo Guerrini, Marie-Christine Guiot, William Harkness, Andrew G. Herzog, Linda Huh, Margaret J. Jackson, Thomas S. Jacques, Anna C. Jansen, Sigmund Jenssen, Michael R. Johnson, Dorothy Jones-Davis, Reetta Kälviäinen, Peter W. Kaplan, John F. Kerrigan, Autumn Marie Klein, Matthias Koepp, Edwin H. Kolodny, Kandan Kulandaivel, Ruben I. Kuzniecky, Ahmed Lary, Yolanda Lau, Anna-Elina Lehesjoki, Maria K. Lehtinen, Holger Lerche, Michael P. T. Lunn, Snezana Maljevic, Mark R. Manford, Carla Marini, Bindu Menon, Giulia Milioli, Eli M. Mizrahi, Manish Modi, Márcia Elisabete Morita, Manuel Murie-Fernandez, Vivek Nambiar, Lina Nashef, Vincent Navarro, Aidan Neligan, Ruth E. Nemire, Charles R. J. C. Newton, John O'Donavan, Hirokazu Oguni, Teiichi Onuma, Andre Palmini, Eleni Panagiotakaki, Pasquale Parisi, Elena Parrini, Liborio Parrino, Ignacio Pascual-Castroviejo, M. Scott Perry, Perrine Plouin, Charles E. Polkey, Suresh S. Pujar, Karthik Rajasekaran, R. Eugene Ramsey, Rahul Rathakrishnan, Roberta H. Raven, Guy M. Rémillard, David Rosenblatt, M. Elizabeth Ross, Abdulrahman Sabbagh, P. Satishchandra, Swati Sathe, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Philip A. Schwartzkroin, Rod C. Scott, Frédéric Sedel, Michelle J. Shapiro, Elliott H. Sherr, Michael Shevell, Simon D. Shorvon, Adrian M. Siegel, Gagandeep Singh, S. Sinha, Barbara Spacca, Waney Squier, Carl E. Stafstrom, Bernhard J. Steinhoff, Andrea Taddio, Gianpiero Tamburrini, C. T. Tan, Raymond Y. L. Tan, Erik Taubøll, Robert W. Teasell, Mario Giovanni Terzano, Federica Teutonico, Suzanne A. Tharin, Elizabeth A. Thiele, Pierre Thomas, Paolo Tinuper, Dorothée Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, Sumeet Vadera, Pierangelo Veggiotti, Jean-Pierre Vignal, J. M. Walshe, Elizabeth J. Waterhouse, David Watkins, Ruth E. Williams, Yue-Hua Zhang, Benjamin Zifkin, Sameer M. Zuberi
- Edited by Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick Andermann, Renzo Guerrini
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- Book:
- The Causes of Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 05 March 2012
- Print publication:
- 14 April 2011, pp ix-xvi
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Soil changes in forest ecosystems: evidence for and probable causes
- Dale W. Johnson, Malcolm S. Cresser, S. Ingvar Nilsson, John Turner, Bernhard Ulrich, Dan Binkley, Dale W. Cole
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B: Biological Sciences / Volume 97 / 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 December 2011, pp. 81-116
- Print publication:
- 1990
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A review of the literature on forest soil change in North America, Central Europe. Sweden, U.K., and Australia reveals that changes are occurring in both polluted and unpolluted sites at a greater rate than previously suspected. Acid deposition has played a major role in recent acidification in some areas of Europe and, to a more limited extent, in Sweden and eastern North America. However, rapid rates of soil acidification are occurring in western North America and Australia due to internal processes such as tree uptake and nitrification associated with excessive nitrogen fixation. The presence of extremely acid soils is not necessarily an indicator of significant acidic deposition, as evidenced by their presence in unpolluted, even pristine forests of the north-western U.S.A. and Alaska. Numerous studies in Sweden, Australia, and North America show the important effects of tree uptake and harvesting upon soil acidification in managed forests. Furthermore, arguments can be presented that harvesting takes a greater toll upon the pools of potentially limiting cations than leaching.
The rate at which soils are changing in some instances calls for a re-evaluation of the budget analyses used to predict soil change. Specifically, inter-horizon changes due to uptake and recycling by vegetation, the interactions of such changes with naturally- and anthropogenically-produced acids, and the effects of aluminium uptake and recycling need further evaluation and study.
Properties of Formula 127 Glass Prepared with Radioactive Zirconia Calcine
- Bruce Staples, Hugh Cole, Dan Pavlica
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 15 / 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2011, 125
- Print publication:
- 1982
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Formula 127 glass has been developed to immobilize ICPP zirconia calcine. This glass has been prepared remotely on a laboratory scale basis with radioactive zirconia calcine retrieved after ten years of storage from Bin Set 2. The aqueous leachability of the glass produced was investigated and compared through application of standard leach tests with that of Formula 127 glass prepared with simulated calcine. Solid state properties of the glasses prepared with actual and simulated calcines were also compared through application of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDS).