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Ten new insights in climate science 2023
- Mercedes Bustamante, Joyashree Roy, Daniel Ospina, Ploy Achakulwisut, Anubha Aggarwal, Ana Bastos, Wendy Broadgate, Josep G. Canadell, Edward R. Carr, Deliang Chen, Helen A. Cleugh, Kristie L. Ebi, Clea Edwards, Carol Farbotko, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Thomas L. Frölicher, Sabine Fuss, Oliver Geden, Nicolas Gruber, Luke J. Harrington, Judith Hauck, Zeke Hausfather, Sophie Hebden, Aniek Hebinck, Saleemul Huq, Matthias Huss, M. Laurice P. Jamero, Sirkku Juhola, Nilushi Kumarasinghe, Shuaib Lwasa, Bishawjit Mallick, Maria Martin, Steven McGreevy, Paula Mirazo, Aditi Mukherji, Greg Muttitt, Gregory F. Nemet, David Obura, Chukwumerije Okereke, Tom Oliver, Ben Orlove, Nadia S. Ouedraogo, Prabir K. Patra, Mark Pelling, Laura M. Pereira, Åsa Persson, Julia Pongratz, Anjal Prakash, Anja Rammig, Colin Raymond, Aaron Redman, Cristobal Reveco, Johan Rockström, Regina Rodrigues, David R. Rounce, E. Lisa F. Schipper, Peter Schlosser, Odirilwe Selomane, Gregor Semieniuk, Yunne-Jai Shin, Tasneem A. Siddiqui, Vartika Singh, Giles B. Sioen, Youba Sokona, Detlef Stammer, Norman J. Steinert, Sunhee Suk, Rowan Sutton, Lisa Thalheimer, Vikki Thompson, Gregory Trencher, Kees van der Geest, Saskia E. Werners, Thea Wübbelmann, Nico Wunderling, Jiabo Yin, Kirsten Zickfeld, Jakob Zscheischler
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 7 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2023, e19
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Non-technical summary
We identify a set of essential recent advances in climate change research with high policy relevance, across natural and social sciences: (1) looming inevitability and implications of overshooting the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) urgent need for a rapid and managed fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges for scaling carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding the future contribution of natural carbon sinks, (5) intertwinedness of the crises of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) compound events, (7) mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility in the face of climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems.
Technical summaryThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Reports provides the scientific foundation for international climate negotiations and constitutes an unmatched resource for researchers. However, the assessment cycles take multiple years. As a contribution to cross- and interdisciplinary understanding of climate change across diverse research communities, we have streamlined an annual process to identify and synthesize significant research advances. We collected input from experts on various fields using an online questionnaire and prioritized a set of 10 key research insights with high policy relevance. This year, we focus on: (1) the looming overshoot of the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) the urgency of fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges to scale-up carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding future natural carbon sinks, (5) the need for joint governance of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) advances in understanding compound events, (7) accelerated mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility amidst climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems. We present a succinct account of these insights, reflect on their policy implications, and offer an integrated set of policy-relevant messages. This science synthesis and science communication effort is also the basis for a policy report contributing to elevate climate science every year in time for the United Nations Climate Change Conference.
Social media summaryWe highlight recent and policy-relevant advances in climate change research – with input from more than 200 experts.
Stop the Bleed: The Effect of Hemorrhage Control Education on Laypersons’ Willingness to Respond During a Traumatic Medical Emergency
- Elliot M. Ross, Theodore T. Redman, Julian G. Mapp, Derek J. Brown, Kaori Tanaka, Craig W. Cooley, Chetan U. Kharod, David A. Wampler
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 33 / Issue 2 / April 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 February 2018, pp. 127-132
- Print publication:
- April 2018
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Background
The “Stop the Bleed” campaign advocates for non-medical personnel to be trained in basic hemorrhage control. However, it is not clear what type of education or the duration of instruction needed to meet that requirement. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a brief hemorrhage control educational curriculum on the willingness of laypersons to respond during a traumatic emergency.
MethodsThis “Stop the Bleed” education initiative was conducted by the University of Texas Health San Antonio Office of the Medical Director (San Antonio, Texas USA) between September 2016 and March 2017. Individuals with formal medical certification were excluded from this analysis. Trainers used a pre-event questionnaire to assess participants knowledge and attitudes about tourniquets and responding to traumatic emergencies. Each training course included an individual evaluation of tourniquet placement, 20 minutes of didactic instruction on hemorrhage control techniques, and hands-on instruction with tourniquet application on both adult and child mannequins. The primary outcome in this study was the willingness to use a tourniquet in response to a traumatic medical emergency.
ResultsOf 236 participants, 218 met the eligibility criteria. When initially asked if they would use a tourniquet in real life, 64.2% (140/218) responded “Yes.” Following training, 95.6% (194/203) of participants responded that they would use a tourniquet in real life. When participants were asked about their comfort level with using a tourniquet in real life, there was a statistically significant improvement between their initial response and their response post training (2.5 versus 4.0, based on 5-point Likert scale; P<.001).
ConclusionIn this hemorrhage control education study, it was found that a short educational intervention can improve laypersons’ self-efficacy and reported willingness to use a tourniquet in an emergency. Identified barriers to act should be addressed when designing future hemorrhage control public health education campaigns. Community education should continue to be a priority of the “Stop the Bleed” campaign.
,Ross EM ,Redman TT ,Mapp JG ,Brown DJ ,Tanaka K ,Cooley CW ,Kharod CU .Wampler DA Stop the Bleed: The Effect of Hemorrhage Control Education on Laypersons’ Willingness to Respond During a Traumatic Medical Emergency . Prehosp Disaster Med.2018 ;33 (2 ):127 –132 .
New Late Cretaceous lobsters from the Kyzylkum desert of Uzbekistan
- Rodney M. Feldmann, Carrie E. Schweitzer, Cory M. Redman, Noel J. Morris, David J. Ward
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 81 / Issue 4 / July 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 July 2015, pp. 701-713
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Description of two new species of macruran decapod crustaceans, Hoploparia uzbekensis and Linuparus dzheirantuiensis, from Late Cretaceous rocks in the Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan, represents the first published record of decapods from that country. Hoploparia is considered to be an intact, integrated genus. Specimens of Hoploparia uzbekensis and Linuparus dzheirantuiensis collected from the Aitym and Bissekty formations, respectively, are preserved as altered cuticular material in a sandy matrix. Specimens of Hoploparia and Linuparus collected from the Uchkuduk and Dzheirantui formations, respectively, are preserved as ironstone replacements, an unusual preservation style for decapods. the cephalothorax on the specimen of Linuparus from the Dzheirantui Formation has been partially broken in a manner suggestive of predation. the lateral thoracic flanks of the holotype of Linuparus dzheirantuiensis bear a raised, ridged area suggestive of a stridulating structure. These genera, although cosmopolitan in the Cretaceous fossil record, have not been recognized previously in central Asia.
6 - The Politics and Legality of Prisoner Disenfranchisement in Australian Federal Elections
- Edited by Alec C. Ewald, University of Vermont, Brandon Rottinghaus, University of Houston
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- Book:
- Criminal Disenfranchisement in an International Perspective
- Published online:
- 03 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 13 April 2009, pp 167-204
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Summary
To remove the right of prisoners to vote does many things. … It signals that whatever the prisoner says is not of interest to those at the top, that you are not interested in talking to them or even listening to them, that you want to exclude them and that you have no interest in knowing about them.
INTRODUCTION
In June 2006, Australia passed legislation disenfranchising all prisoners serving full-time custodial sentences from voting in federal elections. This followed a succession of changes dating from 1983 that alternately extended and restricted the prisoner franchise. In 1989 and 1995, the Australian Labor Party (ALP) federal government prepared draft legislation removing any restrictions on prisoner voting rights in federal elections; the measures were defeated and withdrawn. With the 2006 legislation, the Howard Coalition government (composed of the Liberal and National parties) successfully achieved the total disenfranchisement it first sought in 1998.
This chapter examines the politics and legality of the 2006 disenfranchisement. This will be approached, first, by briefly outlining the key provisions of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, offering a short legislative history of prisoner franchise, and examining some of the key constitutional issues. Second, the 2006 disenfranchisement introduced in the Electoral and Referendum (Electoral Integrity and Other Measures) Act 2006 will be examined in greater detail, particularly in terms of the manner in which it was achieved and the arguments that were mobilized both in support of and against the change.
Visible Light Emission from Porous Silicon Examined by Photoluminescence and Raman Spectroscopy
- Terry R. Guilinger, Michael J. Kelly, David R. Tallant, David A. Redman, David M. Follstaedt
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 283 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2011, 115
- Print publication:
- 1992
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We describe the acquisition of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectra on porous silicon (PS) samples that emit visible light. Spectra were acquired in both ex situ experiments (after exposure to air) and in situ experiments (with the PS covered either with the hydrofluoric acid electrolyte used in the formation process or water). Our results generally show a correlation of blue-shifted PL with increased oxidation. In one set of ex situ experiments, however, we observed an inconsistency in the shift of the wavelengthof maximum luminescence intensity for PS samples that exhibit oxygenated character in the Raman spectra. A higher anodization current density produced a red shift in the PL spectra in one experiment, while chemical dissolution of the PS by hydrofluoric acid produced the well-known blue shift in the other case. In two in situ experiments, we observed very weak and red-shifted PL for a PS sample immersed in HF (compared to the same sample measured later in air) while in another we immersed air-exposed PS in water and observed a 15-fold increase in PL intensity along with a blue shift in the luminescence maximum.