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Integrated Management of Cheat (Bromus secalinus L.) and Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum L.) in Oklahoma Grain Only Winter Wheat
- Hannah C. Lindell, Misha R. Manuchehri, Emi Kimura, Todd A. Baughman, Nicholas T. Basinger
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Accepted manuscript
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 May 2024, pp. 1-18
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- Article
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In Oklahoma, downy brome and cheat are difficult-to-control winter annual grasses. In the past, cheat infested most of the winter wheat hectares harvested in Oklahoma. Biotypes cross-resistant to acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides have left growers with minimal management options in conventional and herbicide-tolerant systems. Field trials at Lahoma, Oklahoma in 2019-20 and 2020-21 evaluated integrated management of cheat and downy brome using three strategies: planting date (optimal, mid-, and late), cultivar selection (high- and low-competitiveness), and herbicide choice (no herbicide, sulfosulfuron at 35.2 g ai ha-1 and pyroxsulam at 18.4 g ai ha-1). Visual control, weed species (spp.) present, wheat biomass at heading, and grain yield data were collected. In 2019-20, eight to nine weeks after treatment, visual control increased 15% with mid-planting compared to optimal planting date and 14% with late planting compared to mid-planting. In 2020-21, similar control (∼99%) was recorded for mid- and late plantings with 23% greater control than the optimal timing. Due to a lack of weed coverage, weed biomass in 2019-20 had no response to planting date, cultivar, or herbicide treatment. Downy brome biomass during 2020-21 was ∼90% lower with mid to late planting than optimal. In the same year, downy brome and cheat biomass were low (≤ 0.4 and 0.2 g m-2) and 98% less after an herbicide application than nontreated. Wheat grain yield at the optimal planting date was greatest compared to mid- and late planting date for 2019-20. A delay in planting from the optimal date to mid- or late timings decreased wheat yield 14 and 21%, respectively. In 2020-21, late planting reduced wheat yield 57% compared to optimal planting. Delaying planting date and the use of a common herbicide can suppress cheat and downy brome., but a decline in wheat yield may occur.
Development of Disaster Pamphlets Based on Health Needs of Patients with Chronic Illnesses
- Emi Motoki, Kikuko Mori, Hidesuke Kaji, Yoko Nonami, Chika Fukano, Tomonori Kayano, Terue Kawada, Yukari Kimura, Kumiko Yasui, Hiroko Ueki, Kazuhiro Ugai
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 25 / Issue 4 / August 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 June 2012, pp. 354-360
- Print publication:
- August 2010
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The aim of this research was to develop a pamphlet that would enable patients with diabetes, rheumatic diseases, chronic respiratory disease, and dialysis treatment to be aware of changes in their physical conditions at an early stage of a disaster, cope with these changes, maintain self-care measures, and recover their health.
Illness-specific pamphlets were produced based on disaster-related literature, news articles, surveys of victims of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster and Typhoon Tokage, and other sources.
Each pamphlet consisted of seven sections—each section includes items common to all illnesses as well as items specific to each illness. The first section, “Physical Self-Care”, contains a checklist of 18 common physical symptoms as well as symptoms specific to each illness, and goes on to explain what the symptoms may indicate and what should be done about them. The main aim of the “Changes in Mental Health Conditions” section is to detect post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at an early stage. The section “Preventing the Deterioration of Chronic Illnesses” is designed to prevent the worsening of each illness through the provision of information on cold prevention, adjustment to the living environment, and ways of coping with stress. In the sections, “Medication Control” and “Importance of Having Medical Examinations”, spaces are provided to list medications currently being used and details of the hospital address, in order to ensure the continued use of medications. The section, “Preparing for Evacuations” gives a list of everyday items and medical items needed to be prepared for a disaster. Finally, the “Methods of Contact in an Emergency” section provides details of how to use the voicemail service. The following content-specific to each illness also was explained in detail: (1) for diabetes, complications arising from the deterioration of the illness, attention to nutrition, and insulin management; (2) for rheumatic diseases, a checklist of factors indicating the worsening of the illness and methods of coping with stress; (3) for chronic respiratory disease, prevention of respiratory infections and management of supplemental oxygen; and (4) for patients requiring dialysis, conditions of dialysis (such as dry weight, dialyzer, number of dialysis treatments, and dialysis hours) and what to do if a disaster occurs during dialysis.
It is expected that these pamphlets will be useful to patients with chronic illnesses, and will be used to prepare for disasters, thereby helping the patients cope with the unusual situation that during a disaster and recover as soon as possible.