29 results
106 Neurosurgery Resident Feedback through Artificial-Intelligence
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- Jose Luis Porras, Roger Soberanis-Mukul, S. Swaroop Vedula, Judy Huang, Henry Brem, Gary L. Gallia, Mathias Unberath, Masaru Ishii
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue s1 / April 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2023, p. 31
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Surgical training is constrained by duty hour limits, bias, and a trial-and-error learning process. Surgeon skill variation is a healthcare system disparity that can impact patient outcomes. Incorporating validated, standardized assessment tools and machine learning (ML) algorithms may help to standardize and reduce bias in surgeon education. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To support assessment tool and ML algorithm development, we are curating an annotated video registry of neurosurgical procedures. Point-of-view video of resident and attending neurosurgeons performing craniotomies is recorded via an eye-tracking headset. A Delphi panel of neurosurgeons will review the video and determine which represent expert versus trainee performance. Neurosurgery attendings will be interviewed to provide descriptions of craniotomies which will be used to develop an assessment rubric. A Delphi panel will determine what rubric components should be maintained. New craniotomy videos will be viewed by attendings in a blinded fashion while completing the assessment rubric. An online feedback platform is being developed allowing residents to prospectively track assessment data. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate development of an annotated, institutional video database featuring craniotomies performed by residents and attending neurosurgeons. Using a Delphi approach, we anticipate achieving consensus on which videos reflect expert versus trainee performance. We anticipate development of a novel craniotomy assessment rubric that is both valid and reliable. Our online feedback platform will allow prospective tracking of assessment data from multiple sources and enhanced transparency in the feedback process. The video registry and assessment data will enable development of novel ML algorithms able to recognize craniotomy segments and estimate operator skill. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Building a video registry of procedures, validated assessment tools, and a prototype feedback platform enables a pipeline for ML algorithm development. Together these tools will help to standardize and optimize resident education translating to earlier operative independence, improved patient safety, and reduced bias during surgical training.
Detecting schizophrenia at the level of the individual: relative diagnostic value of whole-brain images, connectome-wide functional connectivity and graph-based metrics
- Du Lei, Walter H. L. Pinaya, Therese van Amelsvoort, Machteld Marcelis, Gary Donohoe, David O. Mothersill, Aiden Corvin, Michael Gill, Sandra Vieira, Xiaoqi Huang, Su Lui, Cristina Scarpazza, Jonathan Young, Celso Arango, Edward Bullmore, Gong Qiyong, Philip McGuire, Andrea Mechelli
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 11 / August 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 August 2019, pp. 1852-1861
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Background
Previous studies using resting-state functional neuroimaging have revealed alterations in whole-brain images, connectome-wide functional connectivity and graph-based metrics in groups of patients with schizophrenia relative to groups of healthy controls. However, it is unclear which of these measures best captures the neural correlates of this disorder at the level of the individual patient.
MethodsHere we investigated the relative diagnostic value of these measures. A total of 295 patients with schizophrenia and 452 healthy controls were investigated using resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at five research centres. Connectome-wide functional networks were constructed by thresholding correlation matrices of 90 brain regions, and their topological properties were analyzed using graph theory-based methods. Single-subject classification was performed using three machine learning (ML) approaches associated with varying degrees of complexity and abstraction, namely logistic regression, support vector machine and deep learning technology.
ResultsConnectome-wide functional connectivity allowed single-subject classification of patients and controls with higher accuracy (average: 81%) than both whole-brain images (average: 53%) and graph-based metrics (average: 69%). Classification based on connectome-wide functional connectivity was driven by a distributed bilateral network including the thalamus and temporal regions.
ConclusionThese results were replicated across the three employed ML approaches. Connectome-wide functional connectivity permits differentiation of patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls at single-subject level with greater accuracy; this pattern of results is consistent with the ‘dysconnectivity hypothesis’ of schizophrenia, which states that the neural basis of the disorder is best understood in terms of system-level functional connectivity alterations.
Democratization Through Contention? Regional and Local Governance Conflict in Peru
- Gary Bland, Luis A. Chirinos
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- Latin American Politics and Society / Volume 56 / Issue 1 / Spring 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 73-97
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Social conflict in Peru has increased dramatically since 2004. The economic origins of these disputes, which result mostly from the growth of mining operations, have received considerable scholarly attention. The emergence of collective action directed at the performance of regional and local government, however, has received little notice. This essay examines Peru's regional and local governance conflicts on the basis of hundreds of reported cases. It investigates the nature of these episodes and the strategies adopted by community organizations to get their complaints addressed. It finds that the political opportunity of the posttransition period, dissatisfaction with government performance, and new participatory rights have helped to give rise to such collective action. Community protagonists choose between institutional and noninstitutional strategies but often combine them to help ensure success. Maintaining legitimacy proves essential to both sides. This article argues that these events represent both constraints and favorable developments for subnational democracy in Peru.
Antithrombotic Strategy in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Differences Between Neurologist and Hematologist Respondents in a Canadian Survey
- Thalia S. Field, Marie-Christine Camden, Sohaila Al-Shimemeri, Gary Lui, Agnes Y.Y. Lee
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 44 / Issue 1 / January 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 November 2016, pp. 116-119
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Patterns of practice for management of cerebral venous thrombosis in Canada are unknown. We surveyed Canadian neurologists and hematologists regarding anticoagulation in cerebral venous thrombosis. The response rate was 28%, with 27 neurologists and 20 hematologists responding. We found that choice of first-line initial anticoagulation differed significantly between neurologists and hematologists, with 89% of neurologists favouring unfractionated heparin and hematologists’ preference split between unfractionated heparin (50%) and low-molecular-weight heparin (50%). Differences in patterns of practice likely reflect clinical equipoise.
Contributors
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- By Lenard A. Adler, Pinky Agarwal, Rehan Ahmed, Jagga Rao Alluri, Fawaz Al-Mufti, Samuel Alperin, Michael Amoashiy, Michael Andary, David J. Anschel, Padmaja Aradhya, Vandana Aspen, Esther Baldinger, Jee Bang, George D. Baquis, John J. Barry, Jason J. S. Barton, Julius Bazan, Amanda R. Bedford, Marlene Behrmann, Lourdes Bello-Espinosa, Ajay Berdia, Alan R. Berger, Mark Beyer, Don C. Bienfang, Kevin M. Biglan, Thomas M. Boes, Paul W. Brazis, Jonathan L. Brisman, Jeffrey A. Brown, Scott E. Brown, Ryan R. Byrne, Rina Caprarella, Casey A. Chamberlain, Wan-Tsu W. Chang, Grace M. Charles, Jasvinder Chawla, David Clark, Todd J. Cohen, Joe Colombo, Howard Crystal, Vladimir Dadashev, Sarita B. Dave, Jean Robert Desrouleaux, Richard L. Doty, Robert Duarte, Jeffrey S. Durmer, Christyn M. Edmundson, Eric R. Eggenberger, Steven Ender, Noam Epstein, Alberto J. Espay, Alan B. Ettinger, Niloofar (Nelly) Faghani, Amtul Farheen, Edward Firouztale, Rod Foroozan, Anne L. Foundas, David Elliot Friedman, Deborah I. Friedman, Steven J. Frucht, Oded Gerber, Tal Gilboa, Martin Gizzi, Teneille G. Gofton, Louis J. Goodrich, Malcolm H. Gottesman, Varda Gross-Tsur, Deepak Grover, David A. Gudis, John J. Halperin, Maxim D. Hammer, Andrew R. Harrison, L. Anne Hayman, Galen V. Henderson, Steven Herskovitz, Caitlin Hoffman, Laryssa A. Huryn, Andres M. Kanner, Gary P. Kaplan, Bashar Katirji, Kenneth R. Kaufman, Annie Killoran, Nina Kirz, Gad E. Klein, Danielle G. Koby, Christopher P. Kogut, W. Curt LaFrance, Patrick J.M. Lavin, Susan W. Law, James L. Levenson, Richard B. Lipton, Glenn Lopate, Daniel J. Luciano, Reema Maindiratta, Robert M. Mallery, Georgios Manousakis, Alan Mazurek, Luis J. Mejico, Dragana Micic, Ali Mokhtarzadeh, Walter J. Molofsky, Heather E. Moss, Mark L. Moster, Manpreet Multani, Siddhartha Nadkarni, George C. Newman, Rolla Nuoman, Paul A. Nyquist, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Odi Oguh, Denis Ostrovskiy, Kristina Y. Pao, Juwen Park, Anastas F. Pass, Victoria S. Pelak, Jeffrey Peterson, John Pile-Spellman, Misha L. Pless, Gregory M. Pontone, Aparna M. Prabhu, Michael T. Pulley, Philip Ragone, Prajwal Rajappa, Venkat Ramani, Sindhu Ramchandren, Ritesh A. Ramdhani, Ramses Ribot, Heidi D. Riney, Diana Rojas-Soto, Michael Ronthal, Daniel M. Rosenbaum, David B. Rosenfield, Durga Roy, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Max C. Rudansky, Eva Sahay, Friedhelm Sandbrink, Jade S. Schiffman, Angela Scicutella, Maroun T. Semaan, Robert C. Sergott, Aashit K. Shah, David M. Shaw, Amit M. Shelat, Claire A. Sheldon, Anant M. Shenoy, Yelizaveta Sher, Jessica A. Shields, Tanya Simuni, Rajpaul Singh, Eric E. Smouha, David Solomon, Mehri Songhorian, Steven A. Sparr, Egilius L. H. Spierings, Eve G. Spratt, Beth Stein, S.H. Subramony, Rosa Ana Tang, Cara Tannenbaum, Hakan Tekeli, Amanda J. Thompson, Michael J. Thorpy, Matthew J. Thurtell, Pedro J. Torrico, Ira M. Turner, Scott Uretsky, Ruth H. Walker, Deborah M. Weisbrot, Michael A. Williams, Jacques Winter, Randall J. Wright, Jay Elliot Yasen, Shicong Ye, G. Bryan Young, Huiying Yu, Ryan J. Zehnder
- Edited by Alan B. Ettinger, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Deborah M. Weisbrot, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
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- 05 June 2014
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- 17 April 2014, pp xi-xx
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Contributors
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- By Krista Adamek, Ana Luisa K. Albernaz, J. Marcio Ayres†, Andrew J. Baker, Karen L. Bales, Adrian A. Barnett, Christopher Barton, John M. Bates, Jennie Becker, Bruna M. Bezerra, Júlio César Bicca-Marques, Richard Bodmer, Jean P. Boubli, Mark Bowler, Sarah A. Boyle, Christini Barbosa Caselli, Janice Chism, Elena P. Cunningham, José Maria C. da Silva, Lesa C. Davies, Nayara de Alcântara Cardoso, Manuella A. de Souza, Stella de la Torre, Ana Gabriela de Luna, Thomas R. Defler, Anthony Di Fiore, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, Stephen F. Ferrari, Wilsea M.B. Figueiredo-Ready, Tracy Frampton, Paul A. Garber, Brian W. Grafton, L. Tremaine Gregory, Maria L. Harada, Amy Harrison-Levine, Walter C. Hartwig, Stefanie Heiduck, Eckhard W. Heymann, André Hirsch, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Gareth Jones, Richard F. Kay, Martin M. Kowalewski, Shawn M. Lehman, Laura Marsh, Jesús Martinez, William A. Mason, Hope Matthews, Wynlyn McBride, Shona McCann-Wood, W. Scott McGraw, D. Jeffrey Meldrum, Sally P. Mendoza, Nohelia Mercado, Russell A. Mittermeier, Mirjam N. Nadjafzadeh, Marilyn A. Norconk, Robert Gary Norman, Marcela Oliveira, Marcelo M. Oliveira, Maria Juliana Ospina Rodríguez, Erwin Palacios, Suzanne Palminteri, Liliam P. Pinto, Marcio Port-Carvalho, Leila Porter, Carlos Portillo-Quintero, George Powell, Ghillean T. Prance, Rodrigo C. Printes, Pablo Puertas, P. Kirsten Pullen, Helder L. Queiroz, Luis Reginaldo R. Rodrigues, Adriana Rodríguez, Alfred L. Rosenberger, Anthony B. Rylands, Ricardo R. Santos, Horacio Schneider, Eleonore Z.F. Setz, Suleima S.B. Silva, José S. Silva Júnior, Andrew T. Smith, Marcelo C. Sousa, Antonio S. Souto, Wilson R. Spironello, Masanaru Takai, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Cynthia L. Thompson, Diego G. Tirira, Raul Tupayachi, Bernardo Urbani, Liza M. Veiga, Marianela Velilla, João Valsecchi, Jean-Christophe Vié, Tatiana M. Vieira, Suzanne E. Walker-Pacheco, Rob Wallace, Patricia C. Wright, Charles E. Zartman
- Edited by Liza M. Veiga, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil, Adrian A. Barnett, Roehampton University, London, Stephen F. Ferrari, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brazil, Marilyn A. Norconk, Kent State University, Ohio
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- Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Titis, Sakis and Uacaris
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
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- 11 April 2013, pp xii-xv
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Contents
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
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- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp v-vi
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Latinos in the New Millennium
- An Almanac of Opinion, Behavior, and Policy Preferences
- Luis R. Fraga, John A. Garcia, Rodney E. Hero, Michael Jones-Correa, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, Gary M. Segura
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- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011
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Latinos in the New Millennium is a comprehensive profile of Latinos in the United States: looking at their social characteristics, group relations, policy positions and political orientations. The authors draw on information from the 2006 Latino National Survey (LNS), the largest and most detailed source of data on Hispanics in America. This book provides essential knowledge about Latinos, contextualizing research data by structuring discussion around many dimensions of Latino political life in the US. The encyclopedic range and depth of the LNS allows the authors to appraise Latinos' group characteristics, attitudes, behaviors and their views on numerous topics. This study displays the complexity of Latinos, from recent immigrants to those whose grandparents were born in the United States.
11 - Latinos and Gender Role Attitudes
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
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- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 319-344
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Summary
The attitudes that people hold with regard to gender roles often have a significant influence on their life experiences, including most aspects of marital and family relationships. They can help continue or can help bring to an end gender-differentiated opportunities and accomplishments in education, employment, and politics. This chapter explores what the LNS respondents regard as proper gender roles, as well as their gender-related attitudes.
Gender roles are sometimes viewed as the division of labor by gender, but feminist scholars argue that this is a simplistic approach that ignores the power relationships that exist between men and women (DeBiaggi 2002; Ridgeway and Correll 2004; McCabe 2005). We use DeBiaggi's (2002, 39) definition of gender roles as “an individual's endorsement of personal characteristics, occupations and behaviors considered appropriate for women and men in a particular culture.” Attitudes toward gender roles range from very traditional ideas to extremely egalitarian views.
13 - Hope and Reality in Latino Educational Attainment
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
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- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 386-405
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Summary
Latinos have long identified the education of their children as one of the most important policy challenges confronting their communities. Improving the educational attainment of Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants was a primary goal of the League of United Latin American Citizens when it was established in 1929. This organization argued that communities needed to value formal education as a necessary resource to limit discrimination and promote their civil rights (Marquez 1993). Latino leaders and organizations were at the forefront of challenging the de jure segregation of Mexican and Mexican American children in California and Texas in the 1930s and 1940s that led to the dismantling of so-called Mexican schools in much of the southwestern United States (San Miguel 1987). More recently, Latinos challenged the de facto segregation of their children in the Southwest by filing lawsuits such as Cisneros v. Corpus Christi Independent School District (1970) and Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado (1973). The federal court decisions that followed determined that Mexican American and Mexican schoolchildren had histories of enrollment segregation that contributed to limited educational opportunities and low educational attainment more similar to the experiences of African Americans than to those of Caucasians.
It should not be surprising, therefore, that education ranks highly in recent polls that ask Latinos to list the policy issues of greatest concern to their communities. A survey conducted in 2004 found that when Latino respondents were asked, “What do you think is the most important issue to you and your family today – education, jobs and the economy, health care, terrorism, or immigration?” approximately 26 percent listed education as the most important issue. It was listed second only to jobs and the economy (Bendixen and Associates 2004). Also in 2004, a Pew Hispanic Center survey of Latino registered voters education was listed by 54 percent of respondents as the issue that was most likely to determine whom they would support for president. Results from our 2006 Latino National Survey (LNS) reveal that when respondents were asked, “What is the most important problem facing the Latino community today?” education ranked third at 9 percent, behind immigration at 30 percent and unemployment and jobs at 12 percent.
2 - A Demographic Profile of Latinos in the United States
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
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- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 29-55
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Summary
Introduction: The Changing Demographics of the Latino Community
Over the past twenty years there have been significant changes in the demographics of the Latino population in the United States. These have occurred in five areas. First, and most important, the Latino population is now much larger than previously, and it represents a larger share of the national population. The Latino population grew 58 percent between 1990 and 2000 and increased 43 percent between 2000 and 2010. The 2000 census revealed that Latinos were 12.5 percent of the U.S. population, surpassing African Americans as the largest minority group (who accounted for only 12 percent). The most recent data from the 2010 census indicate that the Latino population has grown to 16.3 percent of the U.S. population, and that trend is expected to continue for decades to come. Indeed, the Pew Research Center projects that Latinos will make up about 30 percent of the U.S. population by 2050 (Passel and Cohn 2008).
Second, we are continuing to see both immigration and native births driving Latino population growth. Immigration has increased in part as a result of expanding employment opportunities, as well as new immigration policies. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), for instance, regularized the immigration status of a significant number of people, many of whom were then able to sponsor additional family members to enter the country. The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996 had the unintended effect of encouraging undocumented migrants to remain in the country rather than risk apprehension by traveling between a home country and the United States (U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform 1997). The largest source of Latino population growth is not immigration, however, but native births. For example, from 2000 to 2006, the Latino population grew by 10.2 million, 58.6 percent of which was due to native births (Nasser 2008).
7 - Civic Engagement
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 188-230
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Summary
Over the past decade political scientists and sociologists have come to see the importance of people coming together for social or civic reasons. Whether through bridge clubs, food pantries, or political organizations, Americans benefit both individually and as a society when people leave their homes and become involved with others. This coming together, or civic engagement, also helps people develop civic skills that can carry over into other social arenas, including the electoral and political realms, such as voting, political party affiliation, interest groups, social movements, contacting, and others. Greater civic involvement has also been found to heighten interpersonal trust and sense of efficacy, and to give people the sense that they can have an impact on social issues affecting them as well as more generally to improve their attitudes toward the social and political realms, including government.
The term civic engagement has two key ideas associated with it: civic association and social capital. Social capital refers to “connections among individuals in social networks,” and such social contacts, or “connectedness,” affect the well-being and “productivity of individuals and groups” (Putnam 2000, 19). Although the phenomena of social capital and civic engagement are associated in that they seem to go together with trust, reciprocity, and the like, the direction of causation (i.e., which leads to which) is not clear (see, e.g., Hero 2007). Some of the ways social capital contributes to democratic processes include the following:
“Associations and less formal networks of civic engagement instill in their members habits of cooperation and public-spiritedness, as well as the practical skills necessary to partake in public life” (Putnam 2000, 338; see also Verba, Schlozman, and Brady 1995).
“Political information flows through social networks, and in these networks public life is discussed” (Knack 2002, 774).
“Externally, voluntary associations…allow individuals to express their interests and demands on government and to protect themselves from abuses of power from political leaders.” That is, extensive and nurturing social connections through civic association facilitate norms of reciprocity and social trust that deeply enrich a group and the larger society, thus leading to a host of salutary effects (Putnam 2000, 19).
9 - Voter Registration, Turnout, and Choice
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 248-276
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Summary
Voting in a meaningful election is the defining act of democratic citizenship. Voting is a unique form of political participation in that it is widely engaged in, generally of low cost, and enjoys widespread support as a behavioral norm. Although there are many other forms of political action – ranging from simple conversations to revolutionary violence, and more generally including contacting elected officials, joining civic groups, attending a meeting or donating money – none is as frequently engaged in as registration and voting.
Despite the centrality of the vote to democratic citizenship, voting has often not been an easy undertaking for Latinos. For Latino citizens, voting often involved overcoming vote suppression tactics; low levels of political information; resource disadvantages, including poor education and low income; and in many instances, language barriers that foreclosed participation and that jurisdictions were not motivated to redress. On top of those obstacles to voting, once a Latino voter gained access to the ballot box, there were often poor choices of candidates and few or none from the community itself. Latinos elected to public office, outside of New Mexico at least, were exceedingly rare.
1 - Latinos in the New Millennium
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 1-28
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Summary
Purpose of the Book
Themes and imagery about Latinos in the United States often focus on the rapid and substantial growth of this population and projections about the continuing impact of those demographic changes into the future. Portrayals in policy debates and the media have depicted the central facets of this fast-growing community – where they come from, how they are transforming traditional centers of migration with new destinations, the trials and tribulations of making it in America, and how the greater American society and its institutions respond to Latinos – imperfectly at best. The faces, stories, and life experiences of Latinos tend to be portrayed largely through sketchily drawn caricatures of working-class, immigrant-based communities trying to find an economic foothold to achieve the American dream; yet also holding steadfastly to traditions, cultural beliefs, and practices that sometimes fit uncomfortably with contemporary America.
But how accurate are these sketchy images, individually and collectively? What is the reality of the Latino experience in the United States? How can we better understand the views and perspectives of Hispanics in American society regarding such issues as education, politics, and public policy? What hard evidence can be brought to bear on this large, growing, and complex population that would help us situate the group in the American polity?
12 - Latino Issues and Policy Preferences
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 345-385
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Summary
It is not surprising that the unique place of Latinos in American society – as well as the variation within the group on many dimensions – serves to structure Latino opinion on important policy concerns. The Latino National Survey explored Latino opinion on several important policy dimensions.
Over the past two decades, scholars examining Latino public opinion have consistently found certain response patterns on issues of public importance (see, e.g., Welch and Sigelman 1993; Branton 2007; Nicholson and Segura 2005; Branton 2007). Education, economic concerns, and crime have historically been considered the most important problems facing the nation and the most important problem confronting the Latino community specifically. Indeed, the California politician Cruz Bustamante, who was elected California's first Latino assembly speaker in the late 1990s and went on to two terms as lieutenant governor and an ill-fated run for governor, frequently articulated that the Latino agenda is “the American agenda,” ostensibly to emphasize Latinos’ common concerns with these bread-and-butter political issues.
4 - Latino Identities
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
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- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 76-100
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Summary
This chapter explores the attachment Latinos feel to group identities, ranging from their attachment to their compatriots from their same country of origin to their affinity with pan-ethnic identification such as Latino or Hispanic, and their identification as American. The identity labels individuals choose have consequences for the belief and attitudes individuals hold and the way that individuals act. These consequences are political because they shape both the manner that individuals think of themselves collectively and the way that they calculate the costs and benefits of collective action.
Collective action is at the root of politics. Without the coordinated effort of groups of people, the redistribution of public goods, which is at the root of all politics, cannot occur. There are, however, very different conceptions of collective action, with two principle approaches in the social science literature: in the first, collective action is considered the result of the amalgamation of individual interests, and in the second, it is the consequence of mobilized group identities.
14 - Latinos and the Future of American Politics
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 406-422
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Summary
What might this all mean in the coming years? What will Latinos’ attitudes and public opinion look or sound like after the second decade of the twenty-first century? Which factors will influence those views? The preceding chapters have drawn on the 2006 Latino National Survey and have considered an array of evidence on a wide range of substantive questions regarding Latinos’ perspectives about issues central to their place in the American political and social structure. Along with learning much about what Latinos think regarding those issues, we have explored why that is, which variables and attributes may be related to and thus help explain their outlooks. In conclusion, we extend the assessment of those explanatory factors and consider their implications for Latinos in the (near) future of American society and politics, providing a discussion looking forward and extrapolating from the body of evidence presented in our analyses. In short, we offer some informed suppositions on what the future may hold.
To a considerable degree, what emerges from the chapters in this volume points to a modified assimilation story. However, the breadth and richness of our evidence has also allowed us to uncover nuance and variation in Latinos’ views on an array of issues, which suggests a different, more complex outlook – one that might be characterized as neoassimilation – with Latinos both adapting to the larger society and the larger society changing in response, and with assimilation not precluding the retention of distinctive cultural ties. This conclusion highlights some of our most notable findings.
Index
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Latinos in the New Millennium
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 12 December 2011, pp 423-439
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8 - Latino Media and Technology Usage
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Book:
- Latinos in the New Millennium
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 December 2011, pp 231-247
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Summary
Another aspect of the Latino experience in the United States deals with acquiring information about the American political system and politics. This chapter focuses on media usage and news sources among Latinos, as well as their language of preference for those sources. In addition, what has been referred to as a digital divide among racial-ethnic and social-class grouping is examined briefly by exploring Latinos’ access to the Internet. In essence, this chapter represents an introduction to the small but growing area of research and interest regarding Latinos and media use, as well as its application to the world of politics.
Political Knowledge and Media Usage
Gateways to the world of politics can be enhanced by becoming more knowledgeable about the political system, its institutions, and its leadership (Subvervi-Velez 2008). In addition, accounts of governmental actions, policy considerations and debates, and activities of political parties are important pieces of information that direct an individual's civic and political engagement (Johnson and Arceneaux 2010). A major source of that political knowledge comes from mass media outlets. Obviously, media outlets have been expanding in recent years with more nontraditional media (e.g., electronic news, magazines, blogs, social networks, international news media). For the most part, our introductory examination will focus on the two more traditional outlets – newspapers and television. Historically, mass media has been a source of both political facts or news and political expression or opinion on issues, candidates, and public policies (Johnson and Arceneaux 2010).
5 - Latino Transnationalism
- Luis R. Fraga, University of Washington, John A. Garcia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Rodney E. Hero, University of California, Berkeley, Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University, New York, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, University of North Texas, Gary M. Segura, Stanford University, California
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- Book:
- Latinos in the New Millennium
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 December 2011, pp 101-142
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Summary
Transnationalism refers to the persistent ties that immigrants and their descendants have with their countries of origin. These ties can be social, such as maintaining contact with their friends and family; economic, for example, continuing to own land and businesses; or political, for instance, having an interest in, and taking part in, their country of origin's politics. Researchers characterize these transnational ties as made up of multiple attachments that stretch across national borders to make up a unified social world that is simultaneously located in two different places (Basch, Glick Schiller, and Szanton-Blanc 1994; Smith and Guarnizo 1998; Levitt and Glick Schiller 2004). Two leading immigration scholars describe how this occurs:
Over time and with extensive movement back and forth, communities of origin and destination increasingly comprise transnational circuits – social and geographic spaces that arise through the circulation of people, money, goods and information.…Over time, migrant communities become culturally “transnationalized,” incorporating ideologies, practices, expectations, and political claims from both societies to create a “culture of migration” that is distinct from the culture of both the sending and receiving nation. (Massey and Durand 1992, 8)
In this view, nation-states are seen as increasingly less relevant as an organizing principle of social interaction (Basch et al. 1994; Glick Schiller 1999; Portes 1999), facilitated by the ease of international travel and communication in an era of e-mail and Internet cafes, video-conferencing parlors in which immigrants can see and talk to the family they have left behind, instant money transfers, and cheap airfare.
Scholars generally use a few key indicators as measures of transnational ties: (1) the existence of organizational networks, such as immigrant hometown associations (Orozco 2000; Alarcón 2002; De la Garza and Hazan 2003); (2) immigrant attitudes and behaviors, such as engagement in remittance practices (i.e., immigrants sending money back to relatives in their countries of origin; Conway and Cohen 1998; Flores-Macias 2009); (3) travel back to immigrants’ countries of origin; and (4) the desire to one day live there again (Guarnizo 2000; Waldinger 2008. However, despite general agreement that the phenomenon of transnationalism exists, a number of disagreements and debates persist (Jones-Correa 2003; Waldinger and Fitzgerald 2004).