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Decentralized clinical trials in the trial innovation network: Value, strategies, and lessons learned
- Daniel F. Hanley, Jr, Gordon R. Bernard, Consuelo H. Wilkins, Harry P. Selker, Jamie P. Dwyer, J. Michael Dean, Daniel Kelly Benjamin, Jr, Sarah E. Dunsmore, Salina P. Waddy, Kenneth L. Wiley, Jr, Marisha E. Palm, W. Andrew Mould, Daniel F. Ford, Jeri S. Burr, Jacqueline Huvane, Karen Lane, Lori Poole, Terri L. Edwards, Nan Kennedy, Leslie R. Boone, Jasmine Bell, Emily Serdoz, Loretta M. Byrne, Paul A. Harris
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 July 2023, e170
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New technologies and disruptions related to Coronavirus disease-2019 have led to expansion of decentralized approaches to clinical trials. Remote tools and methods hold promise for increasing trial efficiency and reducing burdens and barriers by facilitating participation outside of traditional clinical settings and taking studies directly to participants. The Trial Innovation Network, established in 2016 by the National Center for Advancing Clinical and Translational Science to address critical roadblocks in clinical research and accelerate the translational research process, has consulted on over 400 research study proposals to date. Its recommendations for decentralized approaches have included eConsent, participant-informed study design, remote intervention, study task reminders, social media recruitment, and return of results for participants. Some clinical trial elements have worked well when decentralized, while others, including remote recruitment and patient monitoring, need further refinement and assessment to determine their value. Partially decentralized, or “hybrid” trials, offer a first step to optimizing remote methods. Decentralized processes demonstrate potential to improve urban-rural diversity, but their impact on inclusion of racially and ethnically marginalized populations requires further study. To optimize inclusive participation in decentralized clinical trials, efforts must be made to build trust among marginalized communities, and to ensure access to remote technology.
GP.06 Differential microglia and macrophage profiles in human IDH-mutant and -wildtype glioblastoma reveal therapeutic vulnerabilities
- CC Poon, P Gordon, K Liu, R Yang, S Sarkar, VW Yong, J Kelly
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 46 / Issue s1 / June 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 June 2019, p. S7
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Background: Microglia and macrophages (MMs) are the largest component of the inflammatory infiltrate in glioblastoma (GBM). However, whether there are immunophenotypic differences in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutated and -wildtype GBMs is unknown. Studies on specimens of untreated IDH-mutant GBMs are rare given they comprise 10% of all GBMs and often receive treatment at lower grades that can drastically alter MM phenotypes. Methods: We obtained large samples of untreated IDH-mutant and -wildtype GBMs. Using immunofluorescence techniques with single-cell automated segmentation, and comparison between single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) databases of human GBM, we discerned dissimilarities between GBM-associated MMs (GAMMs). Results: There are significantly fewer but more pro-inflammatory GAMMs in IDH-mutant GBMs, suggesting this contributes to the better prognosis of these tumors. Our pro-inflammatory score which combines the expression of inflammatory markers (CD68/HLA-A, -B, -C/TNF/CD163/IL10/TGFB2), Iba1 intensity, and GAMM surface area also indicates more pro-inflammatory GAMMs are associated with longer overall survival independent of IDH status. scRNA-seq analysis demonstrates microglia in IDH-mutants are mainly pro-inflammatory, while anti-inflammatory macrophages that upregulate genes such as FCER1G and TYROBP predominate in IDH-wildtype GBM. Conclusions: Taken together, these observations are the first head-to-head comparison of GAMMs in treatment-naïve IDH-mutant versus -wildtype GBMs that highlight biological disparities that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By Alaa A. Abd-Elsayed, Basem Abdelmalak, Kalil G. Abdullah, Maged Argalious, Rafi Avitsian, Maria Bauer, Edward C. Benzel, Dani S. Bidros, William Bingaman, Jay B. Brodsky, David Brown, Patrick M. Callahan, Juan P. Cata, Chakorn Chansakul, Jianguo Cheng, Jeffrey G. Clark, Peter J. Davis, Stacie Deiner, Xiao Di, Karen B. Domino, D. John Doyle, Zeyd Ebrahim, Ehab Farag, Gordon Finlayson, Elizabeth A. M. Frost, Matthew Grosso, David P. Gurd, Rodolfo Hakim, Robert Helfand, Iain H. Kalfas, Rami Karroum, Michael Kelly, Stephen J. Kimatian, Christian Koopman, Ajit A. Krishnaney, Andrea Kurz, Lorri A. Lee, Brian P. Lemkuil, James K. C. Liu, Sara P. Lozano, Daniel Lubelski, Mark Luciano, Ramez Malaty, Mariel R. Manlapaz, Edward M. Manno, Virgilio Matheus, Robert F. McLain, Nagy Mekhail, Doksu Moon, Loran Soliman Mounir, Raghu Mudumbai, Thomas E. Mroz, Dileep R. Nair, Julie Niezgoda, R. Douglas Orr, Piyush M. Patel, Jason E. Pope, Manuel Saavedra, Kenneth J. Saliba, Richard Schlenk, John Seif, John H. Shin, Jeffrey Silverstein, Dmitri Souzdalnitski, Michael Steinmetz, Tunga Suresh, John E. Tetzlaff, Sherif Zaky
- Edited by Ehab Farag
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- Anesthesia for Spine Surgery
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- 05 June 2012
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- 17 May 2012, pp ix-xii
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Ancient Historiography - (L.) Pitcher Writing Ancient History. An Introduction to Classical Historiography. (Library of Classical Studies 1.) Pp. x + 275. London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2009. Paper, £15.99 (Cased, £45). ISBN: 978-1-84511-958-4 (978-1-84511-957-7 hbk).
- Gordon P. Kelly
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- The Classical Review / Volume 61 / Issue 2 / October 2011
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- 08 September 2011, pp. 393-394
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- October 2011
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- By Avishek Adhikari, Susanne E. Ahmari, Anne Marie Albano, Carlos Blanco, Desiree K. Caban, Jonathan S. Comer, Jeremy D. Coplan, Ana Alicia De La Cruz, Emily R. Doherty, Bruce Dohrenwend, Amit Etkin, Brian A. Fallon, Michael B. First, Abby J. Fyer, Angela Ghesquiere, Jay A. Gingrich, Robert A. Glick, Joshua A. Gordon, Ethan E. Gorenstein, Marco A. Grados, James P. Hambrick, James Hanks, Kelli Jane K. Harding, Richard G. Heimberg, Rene Hen, Devon E. Hinton, Myron A. Hofer, Matthew J. Kaplowitz, Sharaf S. Khan, Donald F. Klein, Karestan C. Koenen, E. David Leonardo, Roberto Lewis-Fernández, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Michael R. Liebowitz, Sarah H. Lisanby, Antonio Mantovani, John C. Markowitz, Patrick J. McGrath, Caitlin McOmish, Jeffrey M. Miller, Jan Mohlman, Elizabeth Sagurton Mulhare, Philip R. Muskin, Navin Arun Natarajan, Yuval Neria, Nicole R. Nugent, Mayumi Okuda, Mark Olfson, Laszlo A. Papp, Sapana R. Patel, Anthony Pinto, Kristin Pontoski, Jesse W. Richardson-Jones, Carolyn I. Rodriguez, Steven P. Roose, Moira A. Rynn, Franklin Schneier, M. Katherine Shear, Ranjeeb Shrestha, Helen Blair Simpson, Smit S. Sinha, Natalia Skritskaya, Jami Socha, Eun Jung Suh, Gregory M. Sullivan, Anthony J. Tranguch, Hilary B. Vidair, Tor D. Wager, Myrna M Weissman, Noelia V. Weisstaub
- Edited by Helen Blair Simpson, Columbia University, New York, Yuval Neria, Columbia University, New York, Roberto Lewis-Fernández, Columbia University, New York, Franklin Schneier, Columbia University, New York
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- Anxiety Disorders
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- 10 November 2010
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- 26 August 2010, pp vii-xii
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Frontmatter
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp i-vi
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Appendix II - Restoration of Legendary Figures of the Early Republic
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 239-240
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Summary
Ancient sources report that three men were exiled but later restored in the Early Republic. These accounts are not authentic, but are later inventions. Numerous authors mention the recall of Camillus in 390 following the Gallic sack of Rome. The tradition of his return and subsequent heroics probably originated in the late third century. R M Ogilvie's dating of the origin of this story to no earlier than 217 is persuasive. In addition to Camillus, Cicero cites the restorations of Caeso Quinctius and C. Servilius Ahala. He is alone in this assertion, however. Livy depicts Caeso as having died in banishment by 458 and has the prosecution of Servilius only threatened by his enemies, but never accomplished. Although Valerius Maximus states that Servilius went into exile, he does not mention that he was ever restored. Cicero's source (if he did not invent the variants himself) was evidently outside the mainstream annalistic tradition later used by Livy. Perhaps his information derived from optimate propaganda of the late second century. As conservative Romans who opposed demagogues with force, Caeso and Servilius would have been powerful symbols during the political struggles in the age of the Gracchi. Indeed, these stories are remarkably anachronistic and seem to reflect the internal situation of the late Republic rather than early Rome. The tales of their restoration may have been invented to validate optimate violence or even to provide a precedent for the recall of Popillius Laenas.
6 - Prosopography of Roman Exiles
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 161-220
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Appendix I - The leges Clodiae Concerning Cicero's Exile
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 225-238
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The laws sponsored by the tribune p. clodius connected with the exile of Cicero in 58 provide us with the most detailed account of the legislative activity associated with exilium. Although there is much evidence for these leges, the ancient sources must be used with caution. Most of the information we have regarding these acts comes from Cicero himself and is understandably biased and one-sided. Later ancient authors seem to have consulted the orator's works and thus also display his singular point of view. Cicero attempted to depict the leges Clodiae concerning his banishment as illegal and technically flawed. His speeches post reditum particularly stress that he was forced from Rome due to Clodius' unconstitutional legislation and violent gangs. In short, Cicero strove to illustrate that his downfall did not occur in the course of standard judicial procedure. For example, there were two Clodian laws that contributed to Cicero's eighteen-month exile from Rome, but Cicero in his public speeches telescoped these two measures into one and distorted events to make his opponent's legislation appear irregular. Cicero's argument that he had been the victim of a privilegium by Clodius partially relied on this bit of sophistry.
Indeed, Cicero's exile was not as unusual as the orator would have us believe and was largely accomplished in accordance with long-standing legal precedents. An initial Clodian law established that the execution of a Roman citizen without trial was a capital offense.
2 - Exilium: Legal and Historical Issues
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 17-68
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Summary
THE BASICS OF EXILE
In his description of the Roman constitution, the historian Polybius reports an unusual feature of the judicial system:
κρίνει μὲν οὖν ὁ δῆμος καὶ διαφόρου πολλάκις, ὅταν ἀξιόχρεων ᾖ τὸ τίμημα τῆς ἀδικίας, καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς τὰς ἐπιφανεῖς ἐσχηκότας ἀρχάς. θανάτου δὲ κρίνει μόνος. καὶ γίνεταί τι περὶ ταύτην τὴν χρείαν παρ' αὐτοῖς ἄξιον ἐπαίνου καὶ μνήμης. τοῖς γὰρ θανάτου κρινομένοις, ἐπὰν καταδικάζωνται, δίδωσι τὴν ἐξουσίαν τὸ παρ' αὐτοῖς ἔθος ἀπαλλάττεσθαι φανερῶς, κἂν ἔτι μία λείπηται φυλὴ τῶν ἐπικυρουσῶν τὴν κρίσιν ἀψηφοφόρητος, ἑκούσιον ἑαυτοῦ καταγνόντα φυγαδείαν. ἔστι δ' ἀσφάλεια τοῖς φεύγουσιν ἔν τε τῇ Νεαπολιτῶν καὶ Πραινεστίνων, ἔτι δὲ Τιβουρίνων πόλει, καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις, πρὸς ἃς ἔχουσιν ὅρκια.
Therefore, the people often judge crimes punishable by a fine when the defendants have held the highest office, and the people alone judge capital cases. Concerning the latter, they have a practice which is notable and deserves mention. Their custom allows those on trial for capital offenses the freedom to depart openly when found guilty, thus sentencing themselves to voluntary exile, even if only one of the “tribes” has not yet given their verdict. There is safe refuge for these exiles in Neapolis, Praeneste, Tibur, and other states which have treaties with the Romans.
In the Roman Republic, exilium was a voluntary act through which a citizen could avoid legal penalty by quitting the community.
3 - The Journey into Exile: The Early Republic to the Social War
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 69-92
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Summary
CHOOSING A SITE FOR EXILE: AN INTRODUCTION
As we have seen from the discussion of the ius exulare in Chapter Two, once an exile left Roman territory, he was free to resettle wherever he pleased, although there were some advantages to choosing a civitas foederata. While there were no legal constraints on the selection of a new domicile as far as we know, historical and political factors did strongly shape this decision. One factor that remained fairly constant in the selection of a new domicile throughout the Republican period was the presence of clientelae and family connections. Such connections to a locality offered many advantages and certainly facilitated the exile's acceptance into the citizen body of his new state. For example, it seems to have been common for Romans going into banishment to return to provinces where they had held their magistracies. In his defense of L. Licinius Murena, Cicero took this fact for granted when he played upon the pathetic image of a former governor returning as an exile to an area he had recently proudly governed:
ibit igitur in exsilium miser? quo? ad Orientisne partis in quibus annos multos legatus fuit, exercitus duxit, res maximas gessit? at habet magnum dolorem, unde cum honore decesseris, eodem cum ignominia reverti. an se in contrariam partem terrarum abdet, ut Gallia Transalpina, quem nuper summo cum imperio libentissime viderit, eundem lugentem, maerentem, exsulem videat?
Therefore, will this wretched man go into exile? Where? To the East, where he served as legate for many years, led armies and accomplished great deeds?[…]
1 - Introduction
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 1-16
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Summary
OVERVIEW
In March 58 bc, the great orator and statesman M. Tullius Cicero left the city of Rome and went into exile. A few weeks after his departure, a distraught Cicero wrote to his friend Atticus of his remorse for having chosen exile instead of death: “The fact that you encourage me to live prevents me from harming myself, but you are not able to stop me from lamenting my decision and my life.” Cicero's letters during his eighteen-month exile are peppered with similar expressions of grief concerning his situation, as well as reports of his efforts to attain a recall from exile. Not all Roman exiles reacted in such distraught fashion, however. T. Albucius, an exile of a previous generation, seemed to flourish as a banished man. With his public career cut short by exile, Albucius did not lament the loss of his homeland and political aspirations, but reveled in his freedom from work and indulged his passion for philosophical study.
Although Cicero and Albucius had dissimilar reactions to their banishment, both had voluntarily chosen exile when faced with the potential of criminal prosecution. In this action, they were not unique: elite Romans pursuing public careers were always vulnerable to prosecution for their official conduct. When charged with a crime in Republican Rome, such men had a choice concerning their fate. They could either remain in Rome and face possible conviction and punishment or go into voluntary exile and avoid legal sentence.
A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
- Gordon P. Kelly
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- Published online:
- 26 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 24 July 2006
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Roman senators and equestrians were always vulnerable to prosecution for their official conduct, especially since politically motivated accusations were common. When charged with a crime in Republican Rome, such men had a choice concerning their fate. They could either remain in Rome and face possible conviction and punishment, or go into voluntary exile and avoid legal sentence. For the majority of the Republican period, exile was not a formal legal penalty contained in statutes, although it was the practical outcome of most capital convictions. Despite its importance in the political arena, Roman exile has been a neglected topic in modern scholarship. This 2006 study examines all facets of exile in the Roman Republic: its historical development, technical legal issues, the possibility of restoration, as well as the effects of exile on the lives and families of banished men.
Contents
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- Book:
- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
- Published online:
- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp vii-viii
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4 - Exilium from the Social War to the Death of Julius Caesar
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- Book:
- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
- Published online:
- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 93-132
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Summary
THE MASS RECALL OF EXILES IN THE 80s
Following the Social War, the Roman franchise was extended to include all Italy. Although no ancient source comments directly, it has been assumed that Romans could no longer legally seek exile in Italy due to this event. Indeed, of the fifteen post-Social War exiles whose place of banishment is known, only two are mentioned as remaining in Italy. These two examples are exceptional and are discussed below. Scattered comments from Cicero's speeches clearly indicate that by the late 60s, exilium excluded the refugee from Italian soil. This development makes perfect sense, as the enfranchisement of Italy would have placed all the previously independent states under the administrative control of Rome. All subsequent fugitives would have to seek new homes elsewhere. In this regard, the anti-Gracchan exiles of the previous generation were forerunners, as they pioneered the process of relocating outside Italy.
The prospect of recall was one of the major changes in the practice of Roman exile. Immediately after the Social War, the manner by which restoration from banishment was conducted would itself be radically transformed. In the cases of both P. Popillius and Metellus Numidicus, political and social instability was the impetus that enabled their return to Rome. With the increased partisan violence of the early first century, the possibility of recall from banishment became greater.
Conclusions
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- Book:
- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
- Published online:
- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 221-224
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Summary
The practice of roman exile was inextricably linked with the larger political scene of the Republican era. Exile was not a static institution, but it was affected by the major events in Roman history and developed in response to them. Exilium was a relatively uncomplicated phenomenon down to the late second century. Roman aristocrats who elected to retire into exile normally relocated to nearby Italian civitates foederatae. Often they had some pre-existing personal tie to their new homeland. Although close to Rome, their banishment was permanent.
The political instability and violence that entered Roman domestic affairs in the time of the Gracchi changed the face of exilium. Internal strife resulted in a dramatic increase of politically motivated prosecutions, and thus more elites were forced to go into exile. However, this same instability made restoration from banishment possible: with a change in the political situation at Rome (often by the massacre of opponents), an official recall could be engineered. The case of P. Popillius Laenas highlights the changing nature of exile under the pressure exerted by partisan politics during this era. As consul in 132, Popillius played a key role in the suppression of the supporters of Ti. Gracchus. In 123, when he was threatened with legal proceedings by C. Gracchus for his actions years earlier, Popillius chose to go into exile to avoid prosecution. He traveled outside Italy for his banishment – the first time a Roman is recorded as having done so.
Index
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- Book:
- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
- Published online:
- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 251-260
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5 - Topics of Exile
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp 133-160
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Summary
ACCOMPANIMENT INTO EXILE
The journey into exile was certainly a heart-wrenching event. The fugitive was leaving behind his homeland, his friends, and his family, perhaps forever. While banishment could be a lonely experience, exiles did not make this fateful trip by themselves. Indeed, a banished man probably went abroad with a retinue of freedmen, slaves, and perhaps a free friend or two. Our extant sources provide us only a few glimpses of the companions that accompanied an exile. Although Cicero's correspondence from his exile in 58/57 is our most detailed account of the personal life of an exile, the author makes little mention of those who journeyed with him. Perhaps his silence about his associates indicates his sense of loss and isolation as an exul. His letters occasionally speak of companions (generally freedmen), but he gives us no details. Cicero's friend Sicca accompanied him from Vibo to Brundisium and had apparently told the orator he would stay with him on his journey, but returned home before Cicero crossed over into Greece.
Later epistles in the Ciceronian corpus provide us with a more detailed picture of an exile's retinue. During his exile from 47 to 45, M. Claudius Marcellus had some freeborn Roman companions; perhaps they were also defeated Pompeians. One of them, P. Magius Cilo, murdered Marcellus over a personal dispute at Athens while they were preparing to return to Rome in May 45. Marcellus also had several freedmen and slaves with him while in exile.
Preface
- Gordon P. Kelly, Lewis and Clark College, Portland
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- Book:
- A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
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- 26 October 2009
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- 24 July 2006, pp ix-x
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Summary
Scholars have attempted to reconstruct and interpret the history of Greco-Roman antiquity for centuries. As a graduate student at Bryn Mawr College investigating several potential dissertation topics, I was pleased to discover that there are still areas of the ancient world that have received very little attention from previous generations of academics. The practice of exile in the Roman Republic is one such topic that has largely escaped detailed examination. In this work, which is a revised and expanded version of my 1999 dissertation, I have tried to look at the major features of exile and, as much as possible, put them into the context of the wider world of the Roman Republic. Even so, this study is not intended to be an all-inclusive treatment of the topic, but rather as a beginning for further investigations of Roman exile.
I would like to acknowledge the support of others that made this book possible. T. Corey Brennan first suggested the topic of Roman Republican exile to me, and has provided guidance and support well above and beyond what is expected of a good dissertation advisor. His tireless dedication to his students is truly remarkable. Indeed, his advice and constant support on the dissertation and other professional matters have been invaluable to me over the years. In short, he is an exemplary scholar and mentor. Equally as important has been the guidance of R T Scott, the co-director of my dissertation.