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Clemens von Pirquet, his Life and Work, by Richard Wagner, London, Oxford University Press, 1968, pp. xx, 214, illus., 66s. 6d.
- H. J Parish
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- Journal:
- Medical History / Volume 14 / Issue 4 / October 1970
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2012, p. 422
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Contributors
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- By Aakash Agarwala, Linda S. Aglio, Rae M. Allain, Paul D. Allen, Houman Amirfarzan, Yasodananda Kumar Areti, Amit Asopa, Edwin G. Avery, Patricia R. Bachiller, Angela M. Bader, Rana Badr, Sibinka Bajic, David J. Baker, Sheila R. Barnett, Rena Beckerly, Lorenzo Berra, Walter Bethune, Sascha S. Beutler, Tarun Bhalla, Edward A. Bittner, Jonathan D. Bloom, Alina V. Bodas, Lina M. Bolanos-Diaz, Ruma R. Bose, Jan Boublik, John P. Broadnax, Jason C. Brookman, Meredith R. Brooks, Roland Brusseau, Ethan O. Bryson, Linda A. Bulich, Kenji Butterfield, William R. Camann, Denise M. Chan, Theresa S. Chang, Jonathan E. Charnin, Mark Chrostowski, Fred Cobey, Adam B. Collins, Mercedes A. Concepcion, Christopher W. Connor, Bronwyn Cooper, Jeffrey B. Cooper, Martha Cordoba-Amorocho, Stephen B. Corn, Darin J. Correll, Gregory J. Crosby, Lisa J. Crossley, Deborah J. Culley, Tomas Cvrk, Michael N. D'Ambra, Michael Decker, Daniel F. Dedrick, Mark Dershwitz, Francis X. Dillon, Pradeep Dinakar, Alimorad G. Djalali, D. John Doyle, Lambertus Drop, Ian F. Dunn, Theodore E. Dushane, Sunil Eappen, Thomas Edrich, Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, Jason M. Erlich, Lucinda L. Everett, Elliott S. Farber, Khaldoun Faris, Eddy M. Feliz, Massimo Ferrigno, Richard S. Field, Michael G. Fitzsimons, Hugh L. Flanagan Jr., Vladimir Formanek, Amanda A. Fox, John A. Fox, Gyorgy Frendl, Tanja S. Frey, Samuel M. Galvagno Jr., Edward R. Garcia, Jonathan D. Gates, Cosmin Gauran, Brian J. Gelfand, Simon Gelman, Alexander C. Gerhart, Peter Gerner, Omid Ghalambor, Christopher J. Gilligan, Christian D. Gonzalez, Noah E. Gordon, William B. Gormley, Thomas J. Graetz, Wendy L. Gross, Amit Gupta, James P. Hardy, Seetharaman Hariharan, Miriam Harnett, Philip M. Hartigan, Joaquim M. Havens, Bishr Haydar, Stephen O. Heard, James L. Helstrom, David L. Hepner, McCallum R. Hoyt, Robert N. Jamison, Karinne Jervis, Stephanie B. Jones, Swaminathan Karthik, Richard M. Kaufman, Shubjeet Kaur, Lee A. Kearse Jr., John C. Keel, Scott D. Kelley, Albert H. Kim, Amy L. Kim, Grace Y. Kim, Robert J. Klickovich, Robert M. Knapp, Bhavani S. Kodali, Rahul Koka, Alina Lazar, Laura H. Leduc, Stanley Leeson, Lisa R. Leffert, Scott A. LeGrand, Patricio Leyton, J. Lance Lichtor, John Lin, Alvaro A. Macias, Karan Madan, Sohail K. Mahboobi, Devi Mahendran, Christine Mai, Sayeed Malek, S. Rao Mallampati, Thomas J. Mancuso, Ramon Martin, Matthew C. Martinez, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, Kai Matthes, Tommaso Mauri, Mary Ellen McCann, Shannon S. McKenna, Dennis J. McNicholl, Abdel-Kader Mehio, Thor C. Milland, Tonya L. K. Miller, John D. Mitchell, K. Annette Mizuguchi, Naila Moghul, David R. Moss, Ross J. Musumeci, Naveen Nathan, Ju-Mei Ng, Liem C. Nguyen, Ervant Nishanian, Martina Nowak, Ala Nozari, Michael Nurok, Arti Ori, Rafael A. Ortega, Amy J. Ortman, David Oxman, Arvind Palanisamy, Carlo Pancaro, Lisbeth Lopez Pappas, Benjamin Parish, Samuel Park, Deborah S. Pederson, Beverly K. Philip, James H. Philip, Silvia Pivi, Stephen D. Pratt, Douglas E. Raines, Stephen L. Ratcliff, James P. Rathmell, J. Taylor Reed, Elizabeth M. Rickerson, Selwyn O. Rogers Jr., Thomas M. Romanelli, William H. Rosenblatt, Carl E. Rosow, Edgar L. Ross, J. Victor Ryckman, Mônica M. Sá Rêgo, Nicholas Sadovnikoff, Warren S. Sandberg, Annette Y. Schure, B. Scott Segal, Navil F. Sethna, Swapneel K. Shah, Shaheen F. Shaikh, Fred E. Shapiro, Torin D. Shear, Prem S. Shekar, Stanton K. Shernan, Naomi Shimizu, Douglas C. Shook, Kamal K. Sikka, Pankaj K. Sikka, David A. Silver, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Emily A. Singer, Ken Solt, Spiro G. Spanakis, Wolfgang Steudel, Matthias Stopfkuchen-Evans, Michael P. Storey, Gary R. Strichartz, Balachundhar Subramaniam, Wariya Sukhupragarn, John Summers, Shine Sun, Eswar Sundar, Sugantha Sundar, Neelakantan Sunder, Faraz Syed, Usha B. Tedrow, Nelson L. Thaemert, George P. Topulos, Lawrence C. Tsen, Richard D. Urman, Charles A. Vacanti, Francis X. Vacanti, Joshua C. Vacanti, Assia Valovska, Ivan T. Valovski, Mary Ann Vann, Susan Vassallo, Anasuya Vasudevan, Kamen V. Vlassakov, Gian Paolo Volpato, Essi M. Vulli, J. Matthias Walz, Jingping Wang, James F. Watkins, Maxwell Weinmann, Sharon L. Wetherall, Mallory Williams, Sarah H. Wiser, Zhiling Xiong, Warren M. Zapol, Jie Zhou
- Edited by Charles Vacanti, Scott Segal, Pankaj Sikka, Richard Urman
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- Book:
- Essential Clinical Anesthesia
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- 05 January 2012
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- 11 July 2011, pp xv-xxviii
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Combined active and passive immunization against diphtheria
- A. W. Downie, A. T. Glenny, H. J. Parish, E. T. C. Spooner, R. L. Vollum, G. S. wilson
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- Journal:
- Journal of Hygiene / Volume 46 / Issue 1 / March 1948
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2009, pp. 34-41
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Three sets of experiments were carried out on undergraduate medical students at Oxford, Cambridge and Liverpool during the years 1941–4 in order to supplement the information obtained previously (Downie et al. 1941) on the comparative antitoxin response of those given active immunization alone (Group A) and those given combined active and passive immunization (Group A+P). A summary of each of the experiments has already been given in the text, so that it is unnecessary here to do more than recapitulate briefly the main results.
1. The first experiment showed that in Group A the antitoxin response was not appreciably greater in students receiving doses of 0·3 and 0·3–0·5 ml. of A.P.T. at 4 weeks’ interval than in those receiving doses of only 0·1 and 0·3 ml. In Group A + P no difference was noticed in the antitoxin content of the serum 6–8 weeks after the second injection of A.P.T., but 10–12 weeks after the second injection there was a difference in favour of the students receiving the larger doses of A.P.T., though it was below the conventional level of statistical significance.
2. The second experiment showed that when the doses of A.P.T. were spaced by 2 instead of by 4 weeks the antitoxin response was much less in both the A and the A + P groups, though the difference was less in the latter group, particularly when the measurements were made 10–12 weeks after the second inoculation of A.P.T.
3. The third experiment showed that a dose of 5000 units of diphtheria antiserum given at the time of the first injection of A.P.T. inhibited antitoxin production to a greater extent than a dose of 400–500 units, though the difference was much less when the measurements were made at 12 weeks after the second inoculation than at 4 weeks.
A compilation of the results obtained during 1940–2 in groups of students receiving active and those receiving active plus passive immunization shows that the antitoxin production in the first group (Group A) was much higher than in the second group (Group A + P) 6–8 weeks after the second injection of A.P.T., but that 10–12 weeks after the second inoculation the difference, though still significant, was considerably less. The final Schick-test results at 10–12 weeks gave a Schick-conversion rate of 98.0% in Group A and of 90.9% in Group A + P.
A review of the results obtained during the years 1939–44 on about 450 students at Oxford, Sheffield and Liverpool leads to the conclusion that the effect of giving diphtheria antiserum at the time of the first injection of A.P.T. is to cause a delay and some degree of inhibition in the antitoxin response of the subject. The larger the amount of antiserum given, the greater is this effect. With a dose of 500 units, though the delay in antitoxin formation is very obvious 4 weeks after the second injection of A.P.T., the final degree of immunity attained, as judged by the antitoxin concentration of the blood serum and by the Schick-conversion rate, is not greatly inferior to that resulting from active immunization alone; and even with a dose of 5000 units, the Schick-conversion rate reaches 81 % 12 weeks after the second injection of A.P.T. It is clear, therefore, that the antiserum, even when given in a dose as large as 5000 units, does not neutralize more than a small part of the antigenic activity of the first dose of A.P.T. Its main effect is apparently to diminish the rate of sensitization of the tissues, so that when a second dose of A.P.T. is given 4 weeks later, the rise in the antitoxin content of the blood serum is considerably delayed. Our experiments suggest that by increasing the size of the first dose of A.P.T., some of this delay may be avoided.
The partial neutralization of the first dose of A.P.T. will result in a decrease in the total antigenic stimulus and a delay in the time at which ït comes into operation. It is suggested that, provided the tissues have not been previously sensitized to diphtheria toxin, the result may be that the two doses will act virtually as a single dose. Such an explanation, however, must remain unproven till further observations have been made (see p. 35).
The practical value of combined active and passive immunization, especially when joined with temporary segregation of healthy carriers, in combating outbreaks of diphtheria in schools and other institutions for children has been clearly shown by Fulton, Taylor, Wells & Wilson (1941). Our present experiments lead us to suggest that, when applying the method in practice, it would be wise to give an initial dose of 0·5 ml. of A.P.T., together with 500 units of diphtheria antiserum injected at a different site, followed 6 weeks later by a second dose of 0.5 ml. A.P.T. It is probable that children treated in this way will develop approximately the same ultimate degree of immunity as those actively immunized with doses of 0·3 and 0·5 ml. of A.P.T. at 4 weeks’ interval.
We should like to express our thanks to Prof. A. D. Gardner and Prof. H. R. Dean for permitting observations to be made on the students in the pathology classes at Oxford and Cambridge; and to the students themselves at Oxford, Cambridge and Liverpool, for their ready co-operation in the inquiry.
Charles Cyril Okell
- H. J. Parish
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- Journal:
- Journal of Hygiene / Volume 39 / Issue 3 / May 1939
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2009, pp. 217-223
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The Virulence Testing of the Diphtheria Bacillus and its Practical Application
- C. C. Okell, H. J. Parish
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- Journal:
- Journal of Hygiene / Volume 25 / Issue 4 / November 1926
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- 15 May 2009, pp. 355-365
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1. In the intradermic test virulence of “morphological diphtheria bacilli,” 0·2 c.c. containing 100 million organisms is injected. The control guinea-pig receives 500 units of antitoxin the night prior to the test. The test animal receives 125 units six hours after the injection of the cultures. A known virulent organism is always injected as a control; 12 to 20 cultures can be tested on one guinea-pig.
Of 2368 swabs received, 1388 (59 per cent.) showed morphological C. diphtheriae. Fromthese 1286 pure cultures were isolated (92·7 per cent.). In 234 positive swabs from cases of clinical diphtheria, in a series examined under very favourable conditions, morphological C. diphtheriae were obtained in 231 (98·7 per cent.) and of these 229 (99·1 per cent.) were virulent. In 758 positive cultures from carriers morphological C. diphtheriae were isolated in 715 (94 per cent.); 50 per cent. were virulent C. diphtheriae, 39 per cent. avirulent, 3·6 per cent. of Hofmann group, 0·3 per cent. Xerosis and 6.4 per cent. unclassified diphtheroids.
3. Only one culture of intermediate virulence was found, i.e. uncertain reactions occurred with a dose of 100 million organisms while clear reactions occurred with 1000 million.
4. Out of 626 positive cultures from cases of diphtheria, both virulent and avirulent bacilli were isolated in two instances, once from the throat and once from the nose.
5. A monovalent antitoxin (Park Williams 8) nenutralised all of 819 virulent strains.
6. Amongst 39 cultures obtained from the ear in post-diphtherial conditions, virulent C. diphtheriae were isolated fourteen times.
7. Impure primary (“field”) cultures gave reliable results (94 per cent.) when more than one-third of the organisms seen in the smear made from the overnight culture were morphologically C. diphtheriae. If fewer C. diphtheriae were present in the smear th e primary culture gave uncertain results.
Large Area 6H- and 4H-SiC Photoconductive Switches
- S. Doğan, F. Yun, C.B. Roberts, J. Parish, D. Huang, R. E. Myers, M. Smith, S. E Saddow, B. Ganguly, H. Morkoç
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 764 / 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, C7.2
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- 2003
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Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches (PCSS) were fabricated in planar structures on high resistivity 4H-SiC and conductive 6H-SiC and tested at DC Bias voltages up to 1000 V. The gap spacing between the electrodes is 1 mm. The average on-state resistance and the ratio of on-state to off-state currents were about 20 Ω and 3×1011 for 4H-SiC, and 60 Ω and 6.6×103 for 6H-SiC, respectively. The typical maximum switch current at 1000 V is about 49 A for 4H-SiC. Photoconductivity pulse widths for all applied voltages were 8-10 ns. The observed performance is due in part to the removal of the surface damage by high temperature H2 etching and surface preparation. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images revealed that very good surface morphology, atomic layer flatness and large step widths were achieved with this surface treatment and these atomically smooth surfaces likely contributed to the excellent switching performance of these devices.
Dispersion of Ceramic Particles in Organic Liquids
- P. D. Calvert, R. R. Lalanandham, M. V. Parish, J. Fox, H. Lee, R. L. Pober, E. S. Tormey, H. K. Bowen
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 73 / 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2011, 579
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- 1986
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Good dispersion of oxide ceramics in organic solvents can be achieved using many different dispersants. Several types of dispersants, including fatty acids, coupling agents, polar aromatic compounds and polymers, are discussed to illustrate the important phenomena. Many new problems arise in actual slips during ceramics processing; these are briefly discussed.