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6 - Sanctions for Citizenship: Indians Overseas and Imperial Reciprocity
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- By Heena Mistry
- Edited by Ashutosh Kumar, Banaras Hindu University, India, Crispin Bates, University of Edinburgh
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- Book:
- <i>Girmitiyas</i> and the Global Indian Diaspora
- Published online:
- 20 April 2024
- Print publication:
- 30 June 2024, pp 139-156
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- Chapter
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Summary
On 4 November 1944, the home department of the Government of India ordered a notice to be placed in the Gazette of India announcing the enforcement of the Indian Reciprocity Act against South Africa. Because persons of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa faced restrictions in entering, residing in, and trading, the central government directed that similar restrictions be imposed on South Africans of non-Indian origin in British India. In addition, the home department distributed an office memorandum explaining that the Government of India had decided to enforce the Indian Reciprocity Act and take retaliatory measures against the union government. The memorandum declared that the decision to finally implement the Indian Reciprocity Act against the Union of South Africa was a reaction to proposed legislation, such as proposed legislation that was colloquially known as the Pegging Bill. The proposed bill, which would later be passed as the Trading and Occupation of Land (Transvaal and Natal) Restriction Act in 1943, was referred to as the ‘Pegging Act’ because it ‘pegged’ a racial pattern of land ownership in the Durban municipal area. Sir Shafa’at Ahmad Khan, the agent of the Government of India in South Africa at the time, had also recommended that the Government of India consider more drastic retaliatory measures towards the union government, advising that the bill be made immediately applicable. The floor of the legislature, Indian public opinion and the press were all insistent in demands for retaliatory measures against South Africa.
The Government of India decided to give effect to all measures of the Reciprocity Act. One of these measures was to refrain from employing any more South African nationals of non-Indian origin in the various services in India, as Indians in South Africa were not employed in any but the ‘most subordinate and menial posts’. Only approximately 200 white South Africans were employed in India. Specifically, the Home Department requested that South Africans of non-Indian origin not, in future, be appointed to posts in the Indian Civil Service and the Indian Police and other services at the provincial or federal levels. Despite putting these measures in place, the memorandum admitted that they were ‘not likely to be of any considerable magnitude’ because so far, no South African had been employed in the Secretary of States or Provincial Services and the number of those who held technical posts was negligible.
The monitoring and use of Pro re nata (PRN) psychotropic medication for people with learning disabilities on an inpatient ward
- Heena Mistry
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue S1 / June 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 June 2021, p. S92
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- Article
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- You have access Access
- Open access
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Aims
This project was designed to evaluate the use of PRN medication and PRN monitoring charts on an adult learning disability ward. These charts had been designed by the trust to provide us with a way of monitoring the use of psychotropic PRN medication to ensure monitoring of treatment response, physical health and side effects.
MethodThe data were collected from PRN monitoring charts, electronic case notes and electronic prescribing chart records for all patients on an adult learning disability inpatient unit. The sample consisted of 7 patients who had been prescribed and/or received PRN psychotropic medication over a five week period. Quantitative data were derived by simple calculation for the total amount of PRN medication used and number of PRN monitoring charts completed. Qualitative data were collected of prescription charts and PRN protocols which is supposed to guide treatment.
ResultOut of all the incidences where PRN medication was administered, only 64% of monitoring charts were completed. Out of the 7 patients on the ward, 6 had PRN protocol charts and for only 5 patients these were followed.
ConclusionClinical practice must be improved. The results were presented to ward staff and doctors to discuss the implications for patient care and ways to improve clinical practice by ensuring full monitoring of the use of PRN medication to help reduce the overmedication of people with learning disability by improving the use of the PRN charts. NICE guidelines and The Royal College of Psychiatrists have published guidelines on the prescription of psychotropic drugs for people with learning disabilities. NHS England have also published an article to discourage over-medication of people with learning disabilities. There is a risk that doctors are prescribing medication to treat behaviour that is an expression of distress or a mode of communication rather than a mental disorder. Doctors have a responsibility to ensure they have fully assessed the person's potential to benefit from medication before they prescribe. The audit would serve to provide a baseline for this team prior to any audits in the future.
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