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Twins as Participants in Randomized Controlled Trials: A Review of Published Literature
- Athula Sumathipala, Lisa Yelland, Debra Green, Tom Shepherd, Kaushalya Jayaweera, Paulo Ferreira, Jeffrey M. Craig
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- Journal:
- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 21 / Issue 1 / February 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 December 2017, pp. 51-56
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Monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins participate in research that partitions variance in health, disease, and behavior into genetic and environmental components. However, there are other innovative roles for twins in medical research. One such way is involving MZ and/or DZ twins in co-twin control-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs). To our knowledge, no reviews have been conducted that summarizes the involvement of twins in RCTs. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search using the U.S. Clinical Trials Database, NHS electronic databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO for RCTs on publications involving MZ and/or DZ twins as RCT participants. Out of the 186,027 clinical trials registered in the U.S. clinical trial register ClinicaTrails.gov, only six RCTs used twins as participants. From 1,598 articles identified in our search, 50 peer-reviewed English language publications met our pre-defined inclusion criteria. Sample sizes for RCTs have ranged from a total number of participants from 2 to 1,162; however, 32 (64%) studies had a sample size of 100 or less, and of those, 12 (24%) had fewer than 10. Both MZ and DZ twins have been recruited to the RCTs. In most instances (33/50) each twin from a pair were assigned to different study arms. Most of those studies included MZ twins only. Despite the methodological advantages, the use of MZ and DZ twins as participants in interventional RCTs appeared limited. The continuous development of innovative twin designs, especially RCTs, indicates that twin research can extend beyond the more widely recognized heritability estimates.
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- By Christopher R. Agnew, Jody L. Davis, Chelsea N. Ellithorpe, Paul E. Etcheverry, Robin Goodwin, Jeffrey D. Green, Elizabeth Dorrance Hall, Heather M. Helms, Michael Ioerger, Elizabeth Keneski, Leanne K. Knobloch, Benjamin Le, Justin J. Lehmiller, Timothy J. Loving, Erina L. MacGeorge, Stephen R. Marks, Robert M. Milardo, Chelsea A. Reid, Çağla Sanrı, H. Colleen Sinclair, Erin C. Wehrman, Eric D. Widmer
- Edited by Christopher R. Agnew, Purdue University, Indiana
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- Social Influence on Close Relationships
- Published online:
- 05 October 2014
- Print publication:
- 09 October 2014, pp viii-x
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- By Michael H. Allen, Leora Amira, Victoria Arango, David W. Ayer, Helene Bach, Christopher R. Bailey, Ross J. Baldessarini, Kelsey Ball, Alan L. Berman, Marian E. Betz, Emily A. Biggs, R. Warwick Blood, Kathleen T. Brady, David A. Brent, Jeffrey A. Bridge, Gregory K. Brown, Anat Brunstein Klomek, A. Jacqueline Buchanan, Michelle J. Chandley, Tim Coffey, Jessica Coker, Yeates Conwell, Scott J. Crow, Collin L. Davidson, Yogesh Dwivedi, Stacey Espaillat, Jan Fawcett, Steven J. Garlow, Robert D. Gibbons, Catherine R. Glenn, Deborah Goebert, Erica Goldstein, Tina R. Goldstein, Madelyn S. Gould, Kelly L. Green, Alison M. Greene, Philip D. Harvey, Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Donna Holland Barnes, Andres M. Kanner, Gary J. Kennedy, Stephen H. Koslow, Benoit Labonté, Alison M. Lake, William B. Lawson, Steve Leifman, Adam Lesser, Timothy W. Lineberry, Amanda L. McMillan, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Michael Craig Miller, Michael J. Miller, James A. Naifeh, Katharine J. Nelson, Charles B. Nemeroff, Alexander Neumeister, Matthew K. Nock, Jennifer H. Olson-Madden, Gregory A. Ordway, Michael W. Otto, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Giampaolo Perna, Jane Pirkis, Kelly Posner, Anne Rohs, Pedro Ruiz, Molly Ryan, Alan F. Schatzberg, S. Charles Schulz, M. Katherine Shear, Morton M. Silverman, April R. Smith, Marcus Sokolowski, Barbara Stanley, Zachary N. Stowe, Sarah A. Struthers, Leonardo Tondo, Gustavo Turecki, Robert J. Ursano, Kimberly Van Orden, Anne C. Ward, Danuta Wasserman, Jerzy Wasserman, Melinda K. Westlund, Tracy K. Witte, Kseniya Yershova, Alexandra Zagoloff, Sidney Zisook
- Edited by Stephen H. Koslow, University of Miami, Pedro Ruiz, University of Miami, Charles B. Nemeroff, University of Miami
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- A Concise Guide to Understanding Suicide
- Published online:
- 05 October 2014
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- 18 September 2014, pp vii-x
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Ethical considerations for post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation*
- Constantine Mavroudis, Constantine D. Mavroudis, Jeanette Green, Robert M. Sade, Jeffrey P. Jacobs, Eric Kodish
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- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 22 / Issue 6 / December 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 January 2013, pp. 780-786
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Significant advances have been made in extracorporeal life support, which has resulted in the increased use of post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Retrospective studies have contributed to the ongoing evolution of selection criteria for post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Current indications include failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass, haemodynamic collapse, pulmonary hypertension, post-repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or need for bridge to transplantation. Short- and mid-term results are improving. Ethical concerns still attend the process, however. Moral risks related to post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be encountered before, during, and after the open heart procedure. At each stage of the decision-making process, moral risks are encountered by many factors that may result in decisions that may be contrary to the best interests of the patient, parents, or use of shared societal resources. These moral risks centre around the selection process, informed consent, decision making in the operating room, and post-operative maintenance of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Consideration of such risks is affected by questions of haemodynamic stability, haematologic compromise, neurologic status, and family concerns. We conclude that thorough understanding of the relevant scientific literature, heightened awareness of moral risks, and incorporation of ethical tenets in clinical deliberation will guide the clinician to do the right thing.
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- By Charles E. Argoff, Gerard A. Banez, Samantha Boris-Karpel, Barbara K. Bruce, Alexandra S. Bullough, Annmarie Cano, Victor T. Chang, Elizabeth A. Clark, Daniel J. Clauw, June L. Dahl, Tam K. Dao, Amber M. Davis, Courtney L. Dixon, Michael H. Ebert, Robin M. Gallagher, Gerald W. Grass, Carmen R. Green, Jay Gunkelman, Bradford D. Hare, Jennifer A. Haythornthwaite, Jaclyn Heller Issner, W. Michael Hooten, Mark P. Jensen, Mark E. Jones, Robert D. Kerns, Raphael J. Leo, Morris Maizels, Mary E. Murawski, Brooke Myers-Sorger, Akiko Okifuji, Renata Okonkwo, John D. Otis, Stacy C. Parenteau, Laura E. Pence, Donald B. Penzien, Donna B. Pincus, Ellyn Poltrock Stein, Wendy J. Quinton, Jeanetta C. Rains, M. Carrington Reid, Thomas J. Romano, Jeffrey D. Rome, Robert L. Ruff, Suzanne S. Ruff, Steven H. Sanders, Ingra Schellenberg, John J. Sellinger, Howard S. Smith, Brenda Stoelb, Jon Streltzer, Mark D. Sullivan, Kimberly S. Swanson, Gabriel Tan, Stephen Thielke, Beverly E. Thorn, Cynthia O. Townsend, Dennis C. Turk, Stephanie C. Wallio, Lawrence J. Weinberger, David A. Williams, Hilary Wilson
- Edited by Michael H. Ebert, Yale University, Connecticut, Robert D. Kerns, Yale University, Connecticut
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- Book:
- Behavioral and Psychopharmacologic Pain Management
- Published online:
- 10 January 2011
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- 25 November 2010, pp ix-xii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Association of the Ottawa Aggressive Protocol with rapid discharge of emergency department patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter
- Ian G. Stiell, Catherine M. Clement, Jeffrey J. Perry, Christian Vaillancourt, Cheryl Symington, Garth Dickinson, David Birnie, Martin S. Green
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 12 / Issue 3 / May 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 May 2015, pp. 181-191
- Print publication:
- May 2010
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Objective:
There is no consensus on the optimal management of recent-onset episodes of atrial fibrillation or flutter. The approach to these conditions is particularly relevant in the current era of emergency department (ED) overcrowding. We sought to examine the effectiveness and safety of the Ottawa Aggressive Protocol to perform rapid cardioversion and discharge patients with these arrhythmias.
Methods:This cohort study enrolled consecutive patient visits to an adult university hospital ED for recent-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter managed with the Ottawa Aggressive Protocol. The protocol includes intravenous chemical cardioversion, electrical cardioversion if necessary and discharge home from the ED.
Results:A total of 660 patient visits were included, 95.2% involving atrial fibrillation and 4.9% involving atrial flutter. The mean age of patients enrolled was 64.5 years. In total, 96.8% were discharged home and, of those, 93.3% were in sinus rhythm. All patients were initially administered intravenous procaïnamide, with a 58.3% conversion rate. A total of 243 patients underwent subsequent electrical cardioversion with a 91.7% success rate. Adverse events occurred in 7.6% of cases: hypotension 6.7%, bradycardia 0.3% and 7-day relapse 8.6%. There were no cases of torsades de pointes, stroke or death. The median lengths of stay in the ED were as follows: 4.9 hours overall, 3.9 hours for those undergoing conversion with procaïnamide and 6.5 hours for those requiring electrical conversion.
Conclusion:This is the largest study to date to evaluate the Ottawa Aggressive Protocol, a unique approach to cardioversion for ED patients with recent-onset episodes of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Our data demonstrate that the Ottawa Aggressive Protocol is effective, safe and rapid, and has the potential to significantly reduce hospital admissions and expedite ED care.
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- By Graham Allan, Donna M. Allen, Irwin Altman, Arthur Aron, Donald H. Baucom, Steven R. H. Beach, Ellen Berscheid, Rosemary Blieszner, Jeffrey Boase, Tyfany M. J. Boettcher, Barbara B. Brown, Abraham P. Buunk, Lorne Campbell, Daniel J. Canary, Rodney Cate, John P. Caughlin, Mahnaz Charania, Jennie Y. Chen, F. Scott Christopher, Jennifer A. Clarke, Marilyn Coleman, W. Andrew Collins, Michael K. Coolsen, Nathan R. Cottle, Carolyn E. Cutrona, Marianne Dainton, Valerian J. Derlega, Lisa M. Diamond, Pieternel Dijkstra, Steve Duck, Pearl A. Dykstra, Norman B. Epstein, Beverley Fehr, Frank D. Fincham, Helen E. Fisher, Julie Fitness, Garth J. O. Fletcher, Myron D. Friesen, Lawrence Ganong, Kelli A. Gardner, Jenny de Jong Gierveld, Robin Goodwin, Christine R. Gray, Kathryn Greene, David W. Harris, Willard W. Hartup, John H. Harvey, Kathi L. Heffner, Ted L. Huston, William J. Ickes, Emily A. Impett, Michael P. Johnson, Deborah J. Jones, Deborah A. Kashy, Janice K. Kiecolt‐Glaser, Jeffrey L. Kirchner, Brighid M. Kleinman, Galena H. Kline, Mark L. Knapp, Ascan Koerner, Jean‐Philippe Laurenceau, Kim Leon, Timothy J. Loving, Stephanie D. Madsen, Howard J. Markman, Alicia Mathews, Mario Mikulincer, Patricia Noller, Nickola C. Overall, Letitia Anne Peplau, Daniel Perlman, Sally Planalp, Urmila Pillay, Nicole D. Pleasant, Caryl E. Rusbult, Barbara R. Sarason, Irwin G. Sarason, Phillip R. Shaver, Alan L. Sillars, Jeffry A. Simpson, Susan Sprecher, Susan Stanton, Greg Strong, Catherine A. Surra, Anita L. Vangelisti, C. Arthur VanLear, Theo van Tilburg, Barry Wellman, Amy Wenzel, Carol M. Werner, Adam R. West, Sarah W. Whitton, Heike A. Winterheld
- Edited by Anita L. Vangelisti, University of Texas, Austin, Daniel Perlman, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 June 2006, pp xvii-xxii
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Course and predictors of weight gain in people with first-episode psychosis treated with olanzapine or haloperidol
- Robert B. Zipursky, Hongbin Gu, Alan I. Green, Diana O. Perkins, Mauricio F. Tohen, Joseph P. McEvoy, Stephen M. Strakowski, Tonmoy Sharma, René S. Kahn, Raquel E. Gur, Gary D. Tollefson, Jeffrey A. Lieberman,
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 187 / Issue 6 / December 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 537-543
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- December 2005
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Background
Substantial weight gain is common with many atypical antipsychotics.
AimsTo evaluate the extent, time course and predictors of weight gain and its effect on study retention among people with first-episode psychosis treated with olanzapine or haloperidol.
MethodSurvival analysis assessed time to potentially clinically significant weight gain (⩾7%) and the effect of weight gain on study retention. Weight gain during the 2-year study was summarised using last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF), observed cases and study completion approaches.
ResultsAfter 2 years of treatment, LOCF mean weight gain was 10.2 kg (s.d.=10.1) for olanzapine (n=131) and 4.0 kg (s.d.=7.3) for haloperidol (n=132); observed cases mean weight gain was 15.4 kg (s.d.=10.0) for olanzapine and 7.5 kg (s.d.=9.2) for haloperidol. Change in body mass index was significantly predicted only by treatment group (P < 0.0001).
ConclusionsOlanzapine was associated with significantly greater weight gain than haloperidol, with both leading to greater weight gain than previously described.
Predictors of antipsychotic treatment response in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders
- Diana O. Perkins, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Hongbin Gu, Mauricio Tohen, Joseph McEvoy, Alan I. Green, Robert B. Zipursky, Stephen M. Strakowski, Tonmoy Sharma, René S. Kahn, Raquel Gur, Gary Tollefson
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 185 / Issue 1 / July 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 18-24
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- July 2004
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Background
Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) may contribute to the observed heterogeneity of the treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia.
AimsTo examine the relationship of DUP and premorbid function with clinical outcomes following up to 2 years of antipsychotic treatment.
MethodFor a subsample (n = 191) of subjects participating in a clinical trial, DUP and premorbid function were prospectively compared with clinical response to olanzapine or haloperidol.
ResultsShorter DUP and good premorbid function each independently are associated with better clinical response, including improvement in overall psychopathology and negative symptoms. Premorbid function also is associated with positive symptom, social and vocational outcomes.
ConclusionsEarlier antipsychotic treatment is associated with better outcomes in first-episode schizophrenia. Poor premorbid function could indicate an illness subtype less likely to respond to antipsychotic treatment regardless of when it is instituted.
Index of Places
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- Book:
- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp 580-586
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3 - The Fate of Jewish Communal Property
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp 55-117
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Summary
LAND AND BUILDINGS
THE FIRST QUESTION to address is what Jewish communal property was: how it should be defined, how it was acquired, and in what ways it was developed. For before building synagogues and houses of study on land either purchased by themselves or granted them by various rulers, before communal institutions arose, and before it was determined what area could be used as a cemetery, the Jews had to establish a community and acquire the ability to create and maintain these institutions. At the origin of all these activities were the privileges or fueros they received from the Crown or the local nobility, either clerical or lay. We shall not find clear evidence regarding every fuero granted in every city, although the fueros are to be regarded as the primary basis of relations between the residents and rulers. Nor do all the privileges clearly specify the land grants for the construction of synagogues and the location of cemeteries; occasionally they speak of quarters in a city or of its citadel.
Evidence regarding the Crown's approach to the land upon which the Jews dwelt in their neighbourhoods can be found in a relatively late document. This was a response to the saddlers of the town of Medina del Campo, issued on 6 November 1495. The saddlers had been evicted from their workshops and homes in the San Francisco quarter and transferred to dwellings in part of the former Jewish quarter. Anyone building a house was required to make an annual payment of half a silver real to the mayordomo of the municipality. Fernán Pérez de Meneses, the judge and receiver of Jewish property in the area of Salamanca and the abadía of Medina del Campo, quarrelled with the saddlers, claiming that the land on which the former Jewish neighbourhood stood was Crown land, so payment was due to the Crown. The saddlers were represented by the town council and its leaders, for it was clear to all that the issue concerned not just those craftsmen but rather the interests of the entire municipality. In its decision the royal council stated the Crown's policy that land formerly occupied by Jewish residences should be transferred to the city and town councils for their benefit. This pragmatic line guided the Crown and the chief government administrators, both central and local, with respect to Jewish property, land, and buildings.
10 - Contemporaries Describe the Expulsion
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp 520-526
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ADEEP AND ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCE exists between what the deportees experienced during the expulsion and the responses of contemporary non-Jewish chroniclers. Nor was the response of following generations to the blow dealt to Spanish Jewry during the expulsion similar to that of those who lived through it. Members of the generation of the expulsion, both Jews and non-Jews, were witnesses to an event that demanded a response and the expression of an opinion about what had happened to a nation, an entire religious and ethnic minority that had been living in a country for nearly 1,500 years. Unquestionably the Edict of Expulsion came as a surprise to the Jews of Spain—indeed, this was the intention of Ferdinand and Isabella and their confidants and advisers in planning the expulsion: Tomás de Torquemada, their father confessor Hernando de Talavera, and several faithful secretaries and powerful men of the kingdom. When the lot fell, and the deportees were scattered in every direction, only a few of them wished to express an opinion regarding what had happened to them. Each was sustained by his or her faith, and all those who recorded their feelings and thoughts in writing chose their own way to approach the fate that had befallen themselves and their families, and the question of who was responsible for the injustice done to them personally and to their people.
In contrast, an anonymous Jewish writer, in his anger at the torments and tribulations visited upon his brethren during the expulsion, compares Ferdinand to Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar rolled into one:
And the Lord's word was in a conflagration, that is, the land of Spain, for the fire of God burned there. And a new king arose in the land, a king whose evil decrees were renewed, and he did what his fathers and his fathers’ fathers had not done. He was Don Ferando [sic] of Aragon, a fierce king who showed no favour to old or young, and did not pardon, he is Sennacherib, who mingled the nations, and scattered the Jews across the earth, he is Nebuchadnezzar, who dimmed the beauty of our light and threw down from heaven to earth the pride of our glory, and in God's hatred of us, He made him king over all of Spain, over Castile and over Aragon and Valencia and over Catalonia and over Sicily.
Appendix - Other Activities of Some Royal Officials
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp 527-538
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Summary
Pedro de Castilla, corregidor of Toledo
17 January 1494. Ordered to examine witnesses in the suit filed by Diego de la Muela on behalf of the Crown against Fernán Nuñez Coronel for fraud in the alcabala tax of Seville (RGS I-1499, fo. 38, cf. Ch. 8).
22 March 1494. Ordered to sell the old synagogue of the community and other buildings and courtyards that had belonged to the synagogue in order to pay a juro to Fernando de Ávalos and Fernando Suárez, residents of Toledo (RGS 11 No. 924, fo. 6).
21 October 1494. Ordered to deal with the appeal of Juan Francolín for the return of property that his father had sold when departing in exile (RGS 11 No. 5385, fo. 519).
28 March 1503. Received conversos to be burnt at the stake. See H. Beinart, ‘The Conversos of Belalcázar and Bodonales in Extremadura’ (Heb.), in Memorial Volume for H. H. Ben-Sasson (Jerusalem, 1989), 217 ff.; and for a similar incident on 26 Feb. 1502 id., ‘The Conversos of Halia and the Movement of the Prophetess Inés’ (Heb.), Zion, 53 (1988), 13–52.
Antonio Cornejo, corregidor of Plasencia
3 February 1493. Ordered to investigate acts of murder and robbery committed against those leaving in exile (RGS 10 No. 278, fo. 134, published in Suárez Fernández, Documentos, 505).
11 February 1494. Ordered to respond to the appeal of Pedro Gutiérrez and permit him to collect debts left to him by the Jew Salomon []. He was to act according to the instructions of 26 February 1493 and 6 March 1493 (RGS 11 No. 300, fo. 276).
13 March 1494. Ordered to respond to the petition of Alonso Sánchez and Pero Matheos regarding the price of animals that Meir Berruga had sold them when he went into exile, which on returning and converting he sought to recover for the price he had received; also ordered to deal with the problem of the property of deportees from Cabezuela who had returned and converted to Christianity (RGS 11 No. 776, fo. 341).
6 July 1494. Ordered to deal with the petition of Marí Álvarez, a resident of Losar, and the owner of property in Valverde on the lands of the Count of Nieva, against Francisco de la Rúa (RGS 11 No. 2250, fo. 193).
General Index
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- Book:
- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp 587-591
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Map
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp xviii-xx
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Frontmatter
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp i-iv
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Abbreviations
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp xvii-xvii
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6 - Smuggling
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
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- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp 291-328
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Summary
DOUBTLESS THE PROBLEM of saving property arose immediately after the publication of the Edict of Expulsion, according to which it was prohibited to remove from the kingdom gold, silver, coins, and many other things, which were already forbidden and not specifically mentioned in the edict. This stringency exacerbated the plight of the exiles by expanding the existing restrictions on exporting jewels, horses, donkeys, and mules, grain, weapons, and gunpowder. Each prohibition had its own justification. For example, the grounds for forbidding the export of vehicles are clear: for if every household leaving by land took one vehicle, this would deal a severe blow to the national economy. Similarly, the prohibition against the export of weapons and gunpowder is understandable, for this threatened to increase the power of the Portuguese enemy. The same consideration applies to grain, a shortage of which might lead to famine in the kingdom. Relatively speaking, these prohibitions had little relevance for those who left by sea.
The prohibition against the removal of gold, silver, jewels, and coined money was clearly meant to harm the deportees themselves, since it denied them any means of subsistence. The question arises in all its gravity: what then could the deportees take with them to secure a livelihood in the places where they planned to settle after leaving Spanish soil? They almost certainly took commodities with them in addition to objects and merchandise which they could sell and trade to make a living, such as textiles, silk, manuscripts, and household articles. They were also able to buy notes of exchange with their money, as we shall see below. Here we are concerned with those exiles who were found guilty of smuggling, mainly silver, gold, coins, and jewels—articles whose export from Spain was forbidden but which it was possible to smuggle out. Let us not forget that they needed resources on the way as well, to pay both the transit taxes and the entrance fee into Portugal. Anyone who liquidated his property for money found it necessary, as noted, to take cash with him on the way, thereby running the risk of being robbed. Moreover, he had to make contact with a reliable smuggler to help him spirit his money across the borders of the kingdom.
5 - The Implementation of the Edict
- Haim Beinart, University of Jerusalem
- Translated by Jeffrey M. Green
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- The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
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- 09 July 2019
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- 01 December 2001, pp 207-290
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Summary
Señor, aqui estan pagados a vuestra merçed de aquellas casas en que moramos 17,000 maravedis, e pues que viene esta nueva que sabeys que ayamos de yr, de nos vuestra merçed alguna cosa por ellas que vayamos e tomese las dichas casas. Entonçes respondio don Ruys que no podia dar ninguna cosa, e con esto se salieron el don Ysaque Aljahen e su mujer llorando, e se vinieron.
Sir, here is paid to your grace the sum of 17,000 maravedís—for the house where we lived. Since this news arrived, which is known to you, that we must depart, be merciful with us and give us something in return, and take the house. Then Don Ruys replied, saying to them, that he could not give them anything. And with this [refusal] Don Ysaque Aljahen and his wife went out, and they were weeping.
THE ROAD TO IMPLEMENTATION
THE EDICT OF EXPULSION was signed by Ferdinand and Isabella on 31 March 1492, but not promulgated throughout the kingdom of Castile until 1 May. In Aragon it was published two days earlier, on 29 April. Most likely, knowledge of the existence of the edict was widespread in Jewish communities all over Spain. Jewish historiography has credited Abraham Senior and Don Isaac Abravanel with seeking to intervene with the Crown to prevent the promulgation of the Edict of Expulsion and to repeal it. For such intervention to have taken place, the two men must have been present in the military camp of Santa Fe near Granada, where the monarchs were staying. Ferdinand and Isabella spent the entire month of April there, remaining until 25 May. The Edict of Expulsion was published in Castile and Aragon during their absence.
We possess no information about an actual petition to the king and queen. It is no coincidence that this appeal was linked, though anonymously, to the legend of the intervention of Tomás de Torquemada. According to this legend, during negotiations held in Ferdinand's tent, the king was offered 30,000 gold ducats to rescind the edict; when Torquemada got wind of this, he burst into the tent, brandishing a cross. He laid it on the table and proclaimed that the Jews had already sold God once for thirty pieces of silver, and now the king was repeating the deed.