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3D printing for regenerative medicine: From bench to bedside
- Juan Li, Ling He, Chen Zhou, Yue Zhou, Yanying Bai, Francis Y. Lee, Jeremy J. Mao
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- Journal:
- MRS Bulletin / Volume 40 / Issue 2 / February 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 February 2015, pp. 145-154
- Print publication:
- February 2015
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- Article
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Organ shortage is a severe challenge worldwide. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, a rapidly developing engineering and materials science tool, holds considerable promise in generating implantable organ scaffolds that may reduce or eliminate organ shortage. However, translation of 3D printing into clinical therapies has been astonishingly slow and certainly has not matched the pace of technology development. This review outlines challenges and opportunities for the application of 3D printing in tissue and organ regeneration, with emphasis on in vivo applications of 3D-printed scaffolds. Three-dimensional-printed scaffolds for the regeneration of complex tissues and organs, including bone, cartilage, tooth, and skin, serve as prototypes for 3D printing of other tissues and organs such as the liver, kidney, or heart. The aspiration to reduce or eliminate organ shortage appears to hinge on the translation of 3D bioprinting technologies into preclinical studies and clinical trials. The remaining challenges of cell survival, directed differentiation, angiogenesis, and metabolic exchange are far from trial and need to be addressed. Three-dimensional-printed materials will remain a biomaterials and engineering showcase unless applications in preclinical and clinical models are realized. In balance, 3D printing holds considerable promise in regenerative medicine as a unique approach to address organ shortage.
22 - Endogenous stem/progenitor cell recruitment for tissue regeneration
- from Part IV - Biological factor delivery
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- By Mildred Embree, Columbia University Medical Center, Chang Hun Lee, Columbia University Medical Center, Ziming Dong, Zhengzhou University, Mo Chen, Columbia University Medical Center, Kimi Kong, Columbia University Medical Center, Hemin Nie, Columbia University Medical Center, Avital Mendelson, Columbia University Medical Center, Bhranti Shah, Columbia University Medical Center, Shoko Cho, Columbia University Medical Center, Takahiro Suzuki, Columbia University Medical Center, Rujing Yang, Columbia University Medical Center, Nan Jiang, Columbia University Medical Center, Jeremy J. Mao, Columbia University Medical Center
- Edited by Peter X. Ma, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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- Book:
- Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine
- Published online:
- 05 February 2015
- Print publication:
- 24 July 2014, pp 405-418
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- Chapter
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Summary
Introduction: stem/progenitor cell recruitment vs. transplantation
The utilization of transplanted stem cells in regenerative medicine has been studied extensively as a potential therapy to repair or replace tissues that are lost due to trauma, congenital deformities, tumor resections, or infectious diseases [1–3]. The current cell transplantation model in regenerative medicine is founded on the principle that the application of transplanted stem cells could repopulate and regenerate damaged or diseased tissues, with restored tissue functions and homeostasis. However, cell transplantation is faced with a multitude of clinical and cell culture complications including the complexity of the multistep surgical procedures, donor-site trauma, immune rejection for allogeneic and xenogeneic cells, cell phenotypic variations due to in-vitro culture techniques, potential tumorigenesis associated with long-term cell expansion, failure of exogenous cell engraftment, and uncertainties and difficulties in the regulatory approval process [4–8]. The difficulties in the clinical application of stem cell transplantation are in strong contrast to the results of multiple experimental studies that demonstrate different levels of efficacy of cell delivery in a number of disease models such as Parkinson’s disease [9, 10], blood cancers and diseases [11, 12], and muscle and spinal disorders/injuries [13, 14].
For a number of regenerative medicine applications, the use of stem cell transplantation might not be competitive with the cost-effectiveness of current clinical treatment modalities in the dental and musculoskeletal fields, including titanium joint replacements, dental implants, and operative dental procedures [15–17]. Alternatively, the concept of endogenous stem/progenitor cell recruitment in regenerative medicine is based on the idea that native stem/progenitor cells that already reside within mature tissue can be stimulated and functionally enhanced to repopulate, repair, and/or regenerate damaged tissues [18]. Relative to stem cell transplantation, the application of endogenous stem cell recruitment in regenerative medicine is still in its infancy. The combination of the use of biological factors, release technology, biomaterials, and bioengineered scaffolds to enhance endogenous stem cell recruitment seems very promising for potential use in translational regenerative medicine. However, further scientific experimentation is warranted, since many scientific questions concerning the mechanistic details remain unresolved and it will be necessary to validate the efficacy of this approach for clinical application.