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Bayesian statistics to test Bayes optimality
- Brandon M. Turner, James L. McClelland, Jerome Busemeyer
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- Journal:
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 41 / 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 January 2019, e246
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- Article
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We agree with the authors that putting forward specific models and examining their agreement with experimental data are the best approach for understanding the nature of decision making. Although the authors only consider the likelihood function, prior, cost function, and decision rule (LPCD) framework, other choices are available. Bayesian statistics can be used to estimate essential parameters and assess the degree of optimality.
Nine - Civic cultures and modalities of place-making
- Edited by Ian Hargreaves, Cardiff University, John Hartley, Curtin University
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- Book:
- The Creative Citizen Unbound
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 06 April 2016, pp 205-230
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Summary
Introduction
Acts of creative citizenship require places, where challenges and tensions generate energy, inviting resolution through creative collaboration. In this chapter we aim to shed light on processes of place-making, whether they occur in physical, digital or hybrid spaces. We adopt a broad definition of place to explore what place and making mean within three urban settings of our action research. In all three of these locations, we encounter groups that share an interest in the relationship between artistic imagination and its political expression in projects of urban renewal. We pay particular attention to the ways in which communicative infrastructures may contribute to the construction of social relationships and civic agency, leading to dividends in the form of enhanced networks of affinity, trust and resilience.
Place and media making in a digital world
The emergence of web-based community news sites has provoked much discussion about the citizen voice in localities (Radcliffe, 2012; Goggin et al, 2015). Hyperlocal news services are usually discussed in relation to their value as a potential solution to the problem of news plurality in localities. However, hyperlocal news can also play a crucial role in place-making. Kirsty Hess (2012) has argued that the emergence of the term hyperlocal is evidence of ‘a reinvigorated interest in geography, as media industry and entrepreneurs experiment with new business models in the changing technological landscape’ (Hess, 2012: 53). Borrowing from Manuel Castells, she argues that small local newspapers act as nodes, holding ‘a degree of symbolic power in constructing the idea of community and the local’ (Hess, 2012: 56). In a digitally networked world, geography is ‘local and global at the same time’ (Castells, 2012: 222).
The perspective of place is also fundamental within the broader landscape of participatory media/arts and community media. Goldfarb (2002) shows how participatory creative networks generate communities of interest, fostering civic engagement through their media making. As Couldry et al (2014: 1) write: ‘digital media and digital infrastructures provide the means to recognise people in new ways as active narrators of their individual lives and the issues they share with others’. These affordances are said to be particularly important for young people, who through creative media acts acquire agency in civic debates (Günnel, 2006), offering a ‘voice to the voiceless’ (Lewis P., 2006).
Ten - Technology and the creative citizen
- Edited by Ian Hargreaves, Cardiff University, John Hartley, Curtin University
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- Book:
- The Creative Citizen Unbound
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 06 April 2016, pp 231-254
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Summary
The starting point for our Creative Citizen research project was a question asking whether and to what extent digital communications technologies afford new civic potential. We also invited ourselves to consider how this potential might be enhanced by digital media, thereby making an assumption that agency and significance might properly be ascribed to technology in its relation to creative citizenship.
As we have seen in the preceding chapters and their detailed accounts of creative citizenship in action, this assumption demands critical reflection. Technology itself is rarely addressed head on within communities of the kind we have worked with. The truly indispensable drivers of creative citizenship are motivated people who have built a shared commitment, usually through face-to-face relationships in specific real world places. Digital technologies are today a commonplace and important tool for such groups, in some cases even an operational necessity. How are we to understand the role of technology in these processes?
The definition, meaning and agency of technology has long been a key question in media and cultural studies, as we try to make sense of the ‘changes in scale and pace of human affairs’ (McLuhan, 1964) that are a characteristic of living in a permanent upgrade culture, where the impacts of technological innovation often seem to be accelerating. Raymond Williams (1974), in his analysis of television as a ‘cultural form’, argued that the technologies of photography, telegraphy, and radio were components in the invention of broadcast television, but that what drove technological invention were accelerated social processes, notably mobility and growth ‘in a society characterised at its most general levels by a mobility and extension of the scale of organisations: forms of growth which brought with them immediate and longer-term problems of operative communications’ (Williams, 1974: 18–19). In this reading, technologies of communication develop in relation to the communicative and organisational conditions of society. So for Williams the accelerated development of industrial-scale printing technologies in the 19th century was associated with the communicative needs of a newly urbanised population seeking democratic representation, rather than an inevitable result of coal, iron and steam driven technologies (1974: 21).
Seven - Conversations about co-production
- Edited by Ian Hargreaves, Cardiff University, John Hartley, Curtin University
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- Book:
- The Creative Citizen Unbound
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 06 April 2016, pp 153-180
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Summary
Introduction
When we first gathered as a team to construct the Creative Citizen project proposal, the terms co-production, co-creation and co-design were new to several round the table. The team's designers, for whom this was a well-understood way of working in partnership with individuals and communities to design a new building, service or product, initially brought these concepts forward. Other team members were familiar with the approach from working on community arts and media projects. But for some the approach was new and while it raised questions about objectivity in research, along with some ethical issues, we agreed that co-production would be fundamental to the team's work.
An approach based upon co-production felt right because creative citizenship involves shared goals and collaborative methods. We wanted to understand the different forms, meanings and value of civic creativity, but we also wanted to test ways of growing the potential of creative citizens. Co-production allowed us to work in partnership with communities on creative projects useful to them, whilst also contributing to the research team's insights gained through other methods, including interviews, observation, textual analysis and surveys. This range of methods also had the merit of drawing upon the research traditions of a multidisciplinary group. By focusing on the mutual benefits of co-production, we were responding to ‘a criticism that research conducted in communities often fails to meaningfully include communities in its design and undertaking’ (Durose et al, 2007).
The literature in design has much to say about co-production, co-design and co-creation, but surprisingly little to say about the perspectives of participants and the communities themselves (Durham Community Research Team, 2011). In light of this, we present here a series of informal conversations, articulating the views of our community partners or ‘creative citizens’ in their role as co-producers of the project. These conversations highlight various methodological and practical factors that helped or hindered them through the creative process and point to ways in which academic researchers might better support their community partners in future.
Terms of engagement
During the research we used the terms co-creation, co-design and co-production interchangeably. In the literature, co-creation usually refers to collective creativity in general, co-design to collective creativity as applied to the design process (Sanders and Stappers, 2008) and co-production to citizens playing an active role in producing goods and services of consequence to them (Ostrom, 1996).
nine - Lessons from ‘The Vale’ – the role of hyperlocal media in shaping reputational geographies
- Edited by Dave O'Brien, University of Edinburgh, Peter Matthews, University of Stirling
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- Book:
- After Urban Regeneration
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 11 November 2015, pp 131-146
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter focuses on the tensions around the media representation of a city suburb that has undergone a major urban renewal process. The Castle Vale estate at the edge of North East Birmingham, referred to locally as ‘The Vale’, has been through significant physical and social changes since the 1960s: from high-rise council estate to low-rise social housing, and from being an area seen as having significant social problems to one where the potential of community-led localism might be enacted with a degree of success. Throughout these changes, community media have played a role in both representing the process of change and being a vehicle through which such change is made palatable to residents. Yet, assumptions about the democratising, empowering function of community media inevitably come up against the tensions over representation that exist between readers and producers of media texts. Given the historic reputational issues of the estate, what stories do citizens now expect to be told about the area? What role could citizen journalists play in the digital age in countering what David Parker and Christian Karner (2011: 309) have described as externally imposed ‘negative reputational geographies’?
As part of a strand in a major ‘Connected Communities’ project focused on the notion of ‘Creative Citizenship’, the research presented here has looked closely at the role that community media play in Castle Vale, drawing upon a range of primary research: workshops with residents; interviews with the estate's community media organisation; and reflections on the undertaking of a participatory journalism project.
Urban policy and the role of the citizen in ‘The Vale’
Following major post-war inner-city slum clearances in Birmingham, Castle Vale was one of a series of edge-of-city estates that became home to families whose previous inner-city dwellings had been declared unfit to live in. Although the new estate had a large proportion of low-rise maisonettes, it was the 34 high-rise flats that dominated the landscape when built throughout the 1960s. When the nearby M6 was later completed, it was these tower blocks that greeted visitors to the city, a symbol perhaps of Birmingham's famously brutal approach to city regeneration that brought radical change to its city centre as much as to its edges.
Contributors
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- By Basem Abdelmalak, Joseph Abdelmalak, Alaa A. Abd-Elsayed, David L. Adams, Eric E. Adelman, Maged Argalious, Endrit Bala, Gene H. Barnett, Sheron Beltran, Andrew Bielaczyc, William Bingaman, James M. Blum, Alina Bodas, Vera Borzova, Richard Bowers, Adam Brown, Chad M. Brummett, Alexandra S. Bullough, James F. Burke, Juan P. Cata, Neeraj Chaudhary, Michael J. Claybon, Miguel Cruz, Milind Deogaonkar, Vikram Dhawan, Thomas Didier, D. John Doyle, Zeyd Ebrahim, Hesham Elsharkawy, Wael Ali Sakr Esa, Ehab Farag, Ryen D. Fons, Joseph J. Gemmete, Matt Giles, Phil Gillen, Goodarz Golmirzaie, Marcos Gomes, Lisa Grilly, Maged Guirguis, David W. Healy, Heather Hervey-Jumper, Shawn L. Hervey-Jumper, Paul E. Hilliard, Samuel A. Irefin, George K. Istaphanous, Teresa L. Jacobs, Ellen Janke, Greta Jo, James W. Jones, Rami Karroum, Allen Keebler, Stephen J. Kimatian, Colleen G. Koch, Robert Scott Kriss, Andrea Kurz, Jia Lin, Michael D. Maile, Negmeldeen F. Mamoun, Mariel Manlapaz, Edward Manno, Donn Marciniak, Piyush Mathur, Nicholas F. Marko, Matthew Martin, George A. Mashour, Marco Maurtua, Scott T. McCardle, Julie McClelland, Uma Menon, Paul S. Moor, Laurel E. Moore, Ruairi Moulding, Dileep R. Nair, Todd Nelson, Julie Niezgoda, Edward Noguera, Jerome O’Hara, Aditya S. Pandey, Mauricio Perilla, Paul Picton, Marc J. Popovich, J. Javier Provencio, Venkatakrishna Rajajee, Mohit Rastogi, Stacy Ritzman, Lauryn R. Rochlen, Leif Saager, Vivek Sabharwal, Oren Sagher, Kenneth Saliba, Milad Sharifpour, Lesli E. Skolarus, Paul Smythe, Wolf H. Stapelfeldt, William R. Stetler, Peter Stiles, Vijay Tarnal, Khoi D. Than, B. Gregory Thompson, Alparslan Turan, Christopher R. Turner, Justin Upp, Sumeet Vadera, Jennifer Vance, Anthony C. Wang, Robert J. Weil, Marnie B. Welch, Karen K. Wilkins, Erin S. Williams, George N. Youssef, Asma Zakaria, Sherif S. Zaky, Andrew Zura
- Edited by George A. Mashour, Ehab Farag
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- Book:
- Case Studies in Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care
- Published online:
- 03 May 2011
- Print publication:
- 03 February 2011, pp x-xvi
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Contributors
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- By Kateri Berasi, Carol A. Boyer, Diane R. Brown, Robyn Lewis Brown, Tony N. Brown, Padraic J. Burns, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Daniel L. Carlson, Cheryl Corcoran, Manuela Costa, Stephen Crystal, Gary S. Cuddeback, William W. Eaton, Adrianne Frech, Virginia Aldigé Hiday, Stevan E. Hobfoll, Allan V. Horwitz, Robert J. Johnson, Verna M. Keith, Ronald C. Kessler, Corey L. M. Keyes, Jacinta P. Leavell, Harriet P. Lefley, Mary Clare Lennon, Laura Limonic, Bruce G. Link, Athena McLean, David Mechanic, Elizabeth G. Menaghan, Barret Michalec, John Mirowsky, Shirin Montazer, Joseph P. Morrissey, Carles Muntaner, Bernice A. Pescosolido, Christopher Peterson, Jo C. Phelan, Michael Polgar, Sarah Rosenfield, Catherine E. Ross, Ebony Sandusky, Jaime C. Sapag, Teresa L. Scheid, Mark F. Schmitz, Sharon Schwartz, Dena Smith, David T. Takeuchi, Peggy A. Thoits, R. Jay Turner, Edwina S. Uehara, Jerome C. Wakefield, James Walkup, Emily Walton, Blair Wheaton, David R. Williams, Kristi Williams
- Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 16 November 2009, pp xi-xiv
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