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Contributors
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- By Waiel Almoustadi, Brian J. Anderson, David B. Auyong, Michael Avidan, Michael J. Avram, Roland J. Bainton, Jeffrey R. Balser, Juliana Barr, W. Scott Beattie, Manfred Blobner, T. Andrew Bowdle, Walter A. Boyle, Eugene B. Campbell, Laura F. Cavallone, Mario Cibelli, C. Michael Crowder, Ola Dale, M. Frances Davies, Mark Dershwitz, George Despotis, Clifford S. Deutschman, Brian S. Donahue, Marcel E. Durieux, Thomas J. Ebert, Talmage D. Egan, Helge Eilers, E. Wesley Ely, Charles W. Emala, Alex S. Evers, Heidrun Fink, Pierre Foëx, Stuart A. Forman, Helen F. Galley, Josephine M. Garcia-Ferrer, Robert W. Gereau, Tony Gin, David Glick, B. Joseph Guglielmo, Dhanesh K. Gupta, Howard B. Gutstein, Robert G. Hahn, Greg B. Hammer, Brian P. Head, Helen Higham, Laureen Hill, Kirk Hogan, Charles W. Hogue, Christopher G. Hughes, Eric Jacobsohn, Roger A. Johns, Dean R. Jones, Max Kelz, Evan D. Kharasch, Ellen W. King, W. Andrew Kofke, Tom C. Krejcie, Richard M. Langford, H. T. Lee, Isobel Lever, Jerrold H. Levy, J. Lance Lichtor, Larry Lindenbaum, Hung Pin Liu, Geoff Lockwood, Alex Macario, Conan MacDougall, M. B. MacIver, Aman Mahajan, Nándor Marczin, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, George A. Mashour, Mervyn Maze, Thomas McDowell, Stuart McGrane, Berend Mets, Patrick Meybohm, Charles F. Minto, Jonathan Moss, Mohamed Naguib, Istvan Nagy, Nick Oliver, Paul S. Pagel, Pratik P. Pandharipande, Piyush Patel, Andrew J. Patterson, Robert A. Pearce, Ronald G. Pearl, Misha Perouansky, Kristof Racz, Chinniampalayam Rajamohan, Nilesh Randive, Imre Redai, Stephen Robinson, Richard W. Rosenquist, Carl E. Rosow, Uwe Rudolph, Francis V. Salinas, Robert D. Sanders, Sunita Sastry, Michael Schäfer, Jens Scholz, Thomas W. Schnider, Mark A. Schumacher, John W. Sear, Frédérique S. Servin, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Tom De Smet, Martin Smith, Joe Henry Steinbach, Markus Steinfath, David F. Stowe, Gary R. Strichartz, Michel M. R. F. Struys, Isao Tsuneyoshi, Robert A. Veselis, Arthur Wallace, Robert P. Walt, David C. Warltier, Nigel R. Webster, Jeanine Wiener-Kronish, Troy Wildes, Paul Wischmeyer, Ling-Gang Wu, Stephen Yang
- Edited by Alex S. Evers, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mervyn Maze, University of California, San Francisco, Evan D. Kharasch, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis
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- Book:
- Anesthetic Pharmacology
- Published online:
- 11 April 2011
- Print publication:
- 10 March 2011, pp viii-xiv
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Some Comments upon the Ritual of the Sanni Demons
- Jerrold E. Levy
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- Journal:
- Comparative Studies in Society and History / Volume 11 / Issue 2 / April 1969
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 June 2009, pp. 217-226
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- Article
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If I have understood Obeyesekere correctly, his paper on the ritual of the Sanni demons has two major concerns: to describe and interpret the dynamics of a dramatic healing ritual and to identify the symptoms represented symbolically by the Sanni demons. The ritual of the eighteen demons is presented as a dramatic confrontation between the forces of good, the gods, and those of evil, the disease-causing demons. The story line is provided by texts recounting original mythic encounters between the Buddhas and the demons. A degree of abreaction is achieved by the patient who is drawn into the drama as well as by the audience for whom the drama acts as an alleviator of tensions and reinforcer of religious values. After observing that each of the eighteen demons represents a discrete set of symptoms and that the system of Ayurvēdic medicine currently popular in Ceylon is a naturalistic one, Obeyesekere uses comparative linguistic and myth materials from other parts of India to demonstrate that the demons once represented physical rather than psychological symptoms and that psychological content has gradually come to replace an earlier set of organic, naturalistic representations.
7 - Changes in alcohol use among Navajos and other Indians of the American Southwest
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- By Stephen J. Kunitz, University of Rochester, Jerrold E. Levy, University of Arizona
- Roy Porter, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London, Mikulas Teich, University of Cambridge
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- Book:
- Drugs and Narcotics in History
- Published online:
- 05 July 2011
- Print publication:
- 18 May 1995, pp 133-155
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
from the time of earliest contact, it has been observed that the beverage alcohol introduced by Europeans had devastating consequences on Native North Americans. High rates of devastation have persisted into the present, as Figure 1 indicates. The data displayed there show that the age-adjusted rate of alcohol-related deaths had declined among Indians since the late 1960s, but increased in the late 1980s and is 5.4 times higher than it is for all races in the United States. The category of alcohol-related deaths does not include accidents, which was the second leading cause of death among Indians and Alaska Natives in 1988 and occurred at slightly more than twice the frequency as among all races in the United States. Slightly more than 50% of accidental deaths of Indians involve motor vehicles, and at least half of these are estimated to be due to alcohol abuse. Clearly, although the long-term trend of deaths involving alcohol seems to be a convergence between Indians and non-Indians, the differences are still substantial.
There have been a variety of explanations for the high rates of alcohol-related problems among Indians, none of which necessarily excludes any of the others. Perhaps the oldest in one form or another is that Indians cannot hold their liquor because biologically they are unable to do so. This explanation continues to be the subject of empirical scientific investigation, and is based upon the assumption that there is some genetic mechanism that is a necessary cause of alcohol abuse: without such a mechanism Indians would not have the problems with alcohol that they do.
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