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Scoping article: research frontiers on the governance of the Sustainable Development Goals
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- Thomas Hickmann, Frank Biermann, Carole-Anne Sénit, Yixian Sun, Magdalena Bexell, Mitzi Bolton, Basil Bornemann, Jecel Censoro, Aurelie Charles, Dominique Coy, Frederik Dahlmann, Mark Elder, Felicitas Fritzsche, Thiago Gehre Galvão, Jarrod Grainger-Brown, Cristina Inoue, Kristina Jönsson, Montserrat Koloffon Rosas, Kerstin Krellenberg, Enayat Moallemi, Ivonne Lobos Alva, Shirin Malekpour, Dianty Ningrum, Aneliya Paneva, Lena Partzsch, Rodrigo Ramiro, Rob Raven, Eszter Szedlacsek, John Thompson, Melanie van Driel, Jéssica Viani Damasceno, Robert Webb, Sabine Weiland
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 7 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 January 2024, e7
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Non-Technical Summary
This article takes stock of the 2030 Agenda and focuses on five governance areas. In a nutshell, we see a quite patchy and often primarily symbolic uptake of the global goals. Although some studies highlight individual success stories of actors and institutions to implement the goals, it remains unclear how such cases can be upscaled and develop a broader political impact to accelerate the global endeavor to achieve sustainable development. We hence raise concerns about the overall effectiveness of governance by goal-setting and raise the question of how we can make this mode of governance more effective.
Technical SummaryA recent meta-analysis on the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has shown that these global goals are moving political processes forward only incrementally, with much variation across countries, sectors, and governance levels. Consequently, the realization of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development remains uncertain. Against this backdrop, this article explores where and how incremental political changes are taking place due to the SDGs, and under what conditions these developments can bolster sustainability transformations up to 2030 and beyond. Our scoping review builds upon an online expert survey directed at the scholarly community of the ‘Earth System Governance Project’ and structured dialogues within the ‘Taskforce on the SDGs’ under this project. We identified five governance areas where some effects of the SDGs have been observable: (1) global governance, (2) national policy integration, (3) subnational initiatives, (4) private governance, and (5) education and learning for sustainable development. This article delves deeper into these governance areas and draws lessons to guide empirical research on the promises and pitfalls of accelerating SDG implementation.
Social Media SummaryAs SDG implementation lags behind, this article explores 5 governance areas asking how to strengthen the global goals.
Characterizing Chemical Terrorism Incidents Collected by the Global Terrorism Database, 1970-2015
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- Cynthia Santos, Tharwat El Zahran, Jessica Weiland, Mehruba Anwar, Joshua Schier
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 34 / Issue 4 / August 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 July 2019, pp. 385-392
- Print publication:
- August 2019
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Background:
The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an open-source database on terrorist incidents around the world since 1970, and it is maintained by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START; College Park, Maryland USA), a US Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence. The consortium reviews media reports to determine if an event meets eligibility to be categorized as a terrorism incident for entry into the database.
Objective:The objective of this study was to characterize chemical terrorism incidents reported to the GTD and understand more about the kinds of chemical agents used, the associated morbidity and mortality, the geography of incidents, and the intended targets.
Methods:Chemical terrorism incidents from 1970 through 2015 were analyzed by chemical agent category, injury and fatality, geographic region, and target.
Results:During the study period, 156,772 terrorism incidents were reported to the GTD, of which 292 (0.19%) met the inclusion criteria for analysis as a chemical terrorism incident. The reported chemical agent categories were: unknown chemical (30.5%); corrosives (23.3%); tear gas/mace (12.3%); unspecified gas (11.6%); cyanide (8.2%); pesticides (5.5%); metals (6.5%); and nerve gas (2.1%). On average, chemical terrorism incidents resulted in 51 injuries (mean range across agents: 2.5-1,622.0) and seven deaths (mean range across agents: 0.0-224.3) per incident. Nerve gas incidents (2.1%) had the highest mean number of injuries (n = 1,622) and fatalities (n = 224) per incident. The highest number of chemical terrorism incidents occurred in South Asia (29.5%), Western Europe (16.8%), and Middle East/North Africa (13.0%). The most common targets were private citizens (19.5%), of which groups of women (22.8%) were often the specific target. Incidents targeting educational institutions often specifically targeted female students or teachers (58.1%).
Conclusions:Chemical terrorism incidents rarely occur; however, the use of certain chemical terrorism agents, for example nerve gas, can cause large mass-causality events that can kill or injure thousands with a single use. Certain regions of the world had higher frequency of chemical terrorism events overall, and also varied in their frequencies of the specific chemical terrorism agent used. Data suggest that morbidity and mortality vary by chemical category and by region. Results may be helpful in developing and optimizing regional chemical terrorism preparedness activities.
3204 Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors Do Not Improve Survival in Fibrillin-1 Hypomorphic Mice with Established Aortic Aneurysm
- Mary Burchett Sheppard, Jeff Zheying Chen, Debra L. Rateri, Jessica J. Moorleghen, Mackenzie Weiland, Alan Daugherty
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue s1 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2019, pp. 112-113
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Drugs to attenuate aortic growth are usually not initiated in patients with Marfan syndrome until aortic dilation is already present. Therefore, we measured the impact of drugs (the renin-angiotensin system inhibitors losartan and enalapril) on survival and thoracic aortic growth in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome when extensive aortic dilation was already present. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Male and female fibrillin-1 hypomorphic (FBN1 mgR/mgR) mice (n=10-12/group) were stratified into treatment groups by aortic diameter at 6 weeks of age to ensure an equivalent average aortic diameter in each group at the start of the study. Osmotic mini pumps filled with PBS (vehicle), enalapril (2 mg/kg/d), or losartan (20 mg/kg/d) were implanted subcutaneously into mice after stratification. Mini pumps infusing drug or vehicle were replaced every 4 weeks for a total duration of 12 weeks. Wild type littermates (n=10) were infused with PBS as a negative control to the Marfan mouse model. Ascending aortic diameters from male and female FBN1 mgR/mgR mice and their wild type littermates were assessed by ultrasound every 4 weeks from 6 to 18 weeks of age. Aortic diameters were measured luminal edge to luminal edge during diastole. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 6 week old FBN1 mgR/mgR mice exhibited significantly dilated ascending thoracic aortas at study initiation compared to their wild type sex-matched littermates (in males: FBN1 mgR/mgR = 1.87 +/− 0.07mm, wild type = 1.23 +/− 0.07mm; p <0.001) (in females: FBN1 mgR/mgR = 1.56 +/− 0.07mm, wild type = 1.18 +/− 0.07mm; p <0.001). Baseline mortality of FBN1 mgR/mgR mice infused with PBS was 36% in male and 22% in female mice at the time of study termination. Within sex-matched mgR littermates, there was no significant difference in survival between groups treated with PBS, enalapril, or losartan after 12 weeks (p=0.224 for males, p=0.094 in females). In the same groups, no significant difference in maximum ascending aortic diameter was detected after treatment for 12 weeks (in males: PBS=2.69 +/− 0.19 mm, enalapril=2.04 +/− 0.27 mm, losartan=2.42 +/− 0.28 mm; p=0.24) (in females: PBS = 1.92 +/− 0.13, enalapril=1.89 +/− 0.31, losartan=1.98 +/− 0.17; p=0.86). Furthermore, aortic diameters in the FBN1 mgR/mgR mice were found to demonstrate sexual dimorphism. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This research shows that losartan is not effective when administered after significant thoracic aortic dilation has already occurred in FBN1 mgR/mgR mice. This has important translational implications because losartan is usually not started in patients with Marfan syndrome until significant aortic dilation is already present. Therefore, more research needs to be done to determine the critical time period within which this medicine will be effective if given to patients. In addition, this research demonstrates that male FBN1mgR/mgR mice have a significantly larger aortic diameter than female FBN1mgR/mgR mice. This sexual dimorphism has recently been observed in patients with Marfan syndrome as well. Additional studies for understanding the mechanism underlying this sexual dimorphism have the potential to elucidate new therapeutic approaches for aortic disease.
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