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A scoping review of chronotype and temporal patterns of eating of adults: Tools used, findings, and future directions – CORRIGENDUM
- Yan Yin Phoi, Michelle Rogers, Maxine P. Bonham, Jillian Dorrian, Alison M. Coates
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- Journal:
- Nutrition Research Reviews / Volume 36 / Issue 1 / June 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2022, p. 176
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A scoping review of chronotype and temporal patterns of eating of adults: tools used, findings, and future directions
- Yan Yin Phoi, Michelle Rogers, Maxine P. Bonham, Jillian Dorrian, Alison M. Coates
-
- Journal:
- Nutrition Research Reviews / Volume 35 / Issue 1 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 May 2021, pp. 112-135
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Circadian rhythms, metabolic processes and dietary intake are inextricably linked. Timing of food intake is a modifiable temporal cue for the circadian system and may be influenced by numerous factors, including individual chronotype – an indicator of an individual’s circadian rhythm in relation to the light–dark cycle. This scoping review examines temporal patterns of eating across chronotypes and assesses tools that have been used to collect data on temporal patterns of eating and chronotype. A systematic search identified thirty-six studies in which aspects of temporal patterns of eating, including meal timings; meal skipping; energy distribution across the day; meal frequency; time interval between meals, or meals and wake/sleep times; midpoint of food/energy intake; meal regularity; and duration of eating window, were presented in relation to chronotype. Findings indicate that, compared with morning chronotypes, evening chronotypes tend to skip meals more frequently, have later mealtimes, and distribute greater energy intake towards later times of the day. More studies should explore the difference in meal regularity and duration of eating window amongst chronotypes. Currently, tools used in collecting data on chronotype and temporal patterns of eating are varied, limiting the direct comparison of findings between studies. Development of a standardised assessment tool will allow future studies to confidently compare findings to inform the development and assessment of guidelines that provide recommendations on temporal patterns of eating for optimal health.
6 - Sleep, sleep loss, safety and health
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- By Jillian Dorrian, University of South Australia
- Jill Dorrian, University of South Australia, Einar Thorsteinsson, University of New England, Australia, Mirella Di Benedetto, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Katrina Lane-Krebs, Central Queensland University, Melissa Day, University of Queensland, Amanda Hutchinson, University of South Australia, Kerry Sherman, Macquarie University, Sydney
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- Health Psychology in Australia
- Published online:
- 21 June 2018
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- 14 February 2017, pp 126-157
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Summary
Learning outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• describe sleep and circadian rhythms and how they are measured
• describe the stages of sleep
• describe the consequences of inadequate sleep
• explain why sleep is so important in healthcare
• describe actions you can take to improve sleep quantity and quality.
Introduction
Trust no one, my prince. Not your chainless maester, not your false father, not the gallant Duck or the lovely Lemore nor these other fine friends who grew you up from a bean. Above all, trust not the cheese monger, nor the Spider, nor this little dragon queen you mean to marry. All this mistrust will sour your stomach and keep you awake at night, 'tis true, but better that than the long sleep that does not end.
(Tyrion VI, Chapter 22, A Dance with Dragons)We are designed to sleep for approximately one-third of our lives. We know that, as described in the quote above, when basic needs are not met, sleep is lost. Sleep deprivation is extremely common. Many groups, including those working long and irregular hours (Åkerstedt, 2003; Rajaratnam & Arendt, 2001), those who report high levels of stress and emotional disturbance (Hall et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2015), new parents (Doan et al., 2007; Gay, Lee & Lee, 2004), and, of course, students (Lack, 1986; Marhefka, 2011; Ming et al., 2011) get less sleep than they need.
A primary focus of health psychology is to look at behaviour patterns and try to encourage people to behave in ways that better equip them for positive health outcomes. In Australia, as in other developed countries today, the primary reasons for medical treatment and death are chronic illness and accidents. Current health priority areas in Australia include cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, obesity and injury prevention/control (AIHW, 2011). The risk factors for these health priorities are a complex interaction of physical, behavioural and social factors.
2 - Understanding health behaviour and evaluating change
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- By Jillian Dorrian, University of South Australia, Amanda Hutchinson, University of South Australia
- Jill Dorrian, University of South Australia, Einar Thorsteinsson, University of New England, Australia, Mirella Di Benedetto, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Katrina Lane-Krebs, Central Queensland University, Melissa Day, University of Queensland, Amanda Hutchinson, University of South Australia, Kerry Sherman, Macquarie University, Sydney
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- Book:
- Health Psychology in Australia
- Published online:
- 21 June 2018
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- 14 February 2017, pp 16-44
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Summary
Learning outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• explain reasons for behaviour change in health promotion, illness prevention and treatment
• describe approaches to behaviour change at the societal, environmental, social and individual levels
• explain the way in which health psychologists consider behaviour in context, and the importance of understanding the antecedents and consequences of behaviour
• describe single systems designs and their utility for evaluating behaviour change
• design a basic behaviour change intervention and data collection methods, and analyse the data to determine whether a change is meaningful and/or significant.
Introduction
Primary goals of health psychology include preventing illness, promoting good health and assisting with treatment. One way of working towards these goals involves understanding and supporting behaviour change. For example, preventive behaviour change may involve encouraging people to wear sunscreen to avoid skin cancer, promoting good health may involve encouraging people to quit smoking, and assisting with treatment may involve helping someone to change their diet following a diagnosis of heart disease. Behaviour change can be achieved through action at a number of levels through societal change (e.g. policy and mass media), environmental manipulation (e.g. availability of green spaces and fresh produce), social influence (e.g. family and friends) and behaviour modification at the individual level.
At all levels, we need to understand behaviours in context. What are the cues, or triggers, for behaviour? What are the consequences of the behaviour? We also need to be able to evaluate whether our intervention for behaviour change has had a meaningful impact. In order to do this, we must be able to measure the behaviour and then analyse it. In this chapter, the rationale for behaviour change will be discussed, followed by each of the levels of intervention, according to the ecological model (societal, environmental, social, individual). The final section of the chapter will focus on interventions for individual behaviour change and methods for behaviour measurement and analysis to determine whether a change is meaningful and/or significant.
4 - Understanding presentation of research in health: research designs, figures and statistics
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- By Jillian Dorrian, University of South Australia
- Jill Dorrian, University of South Australia, Einar Thorsteinsson, University of New England, Australia, Mirella Di Benedetto, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Katrina Lane-Krebs, Central Queensland University, Melissa Day, University of Queensland, Amanda Hutchinson, University of South Australia, Kerry Sherman, Macquarie University, Sydney
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- Book:
- Health Psychology in Australia
- Published online:
- 21 June 2018
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- 14 February 2017, pp 68-95
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Summary
Learning outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• understand key concepts, designs and statistical techniques in epidemiology and health research
• recognise and understand analysis of the occurrence of health-related events including relative risk and odds ratios
• recognise and understand analysis of the time to health-related events (survival analysis).
Introduction
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems.
(WHO, http://www.who.int/topics/epidemiology/en/)All disciplines have their own languages, or their own preferred ways of communicating, with specific concepts, research designs, statistical methods and presentation techniques (e.g. use of figures and tables). Health psychology is informed by a number of disciplines, particularly epidemiology. In this multidisciplinary context, the health psychologist must be fluent in the languages of not only health psychology, but also its related disciplines. Our undergraduate training in the science of psychology teaches us about hypothesis-driven research, and covers designs that range from observational to experimental. Rarely do we have time to focus on the specifics of designs most frequently used in population-based studies of health. Further, the majority of undergraduate curricula in psychology research methods include analytic approaches such as correlations, analysis of variance and regression for continuous dependent variables. Leafing through many psychology research methods texts for undergraduates reveals the absence of a number of methods that are very common in the broader health literature. These methods are used to investigate factors related to the occurrence of disease or health event, which is often recorded as a binary variable (yes/no; or presence/absence). Binary outcome variables can be examined using odds ratios or relative risks. Further, we are frequently interested not only in whether a disease or event occurs but in how long it takes to occur. In this situation, we can use survival analysis. This chapter will: discuss common terms used in epidemiology; outline the key features of study designs in health; and explain odds ratios, relative risk and survival analyses.
1 - Introduction to health psychology
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- By Jillian Dorrian, University of South Australia, Einar Thorsteinsson, University of New England
- Jill Dorrian, University of South Australia, Einar Thorsteinsson, University of New England, Australia, Mirella Di Benedetto, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Katrina Lane-Krebs, Central Queensland University, Melissa Day, University of Queensland, Amanda Hutchinson, University of South Australia, Kerry Sherman, Macquarie University, Sydney
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- Book:
- Health Psychology in Australia
- Published online:
- 21 June 2018
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2017, pp 1-15
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Summary
Health
Health psychology is the study of the relationship between behaviour and health including our intentions and norms. However, in order to understand health psychology, we must first understand health. This is not as straightforward as it may at first seem. Health is a dynamic concept – if we look back over time we can see clear, marked changes in the way that health has been understood.
Historical perspectives on health and illness
Concepts of health have fluctuated greatly over time. For example, there is evidence that during the Stone Age (10000–2000 BC), ‘evil spirits’ were seen as a cause of ill health. Across time, we have seen religious explanations for health, resulting from favour or punishment from God, predominating through Ancient Hebrew (100–300 BC) and early Christian (600 AD) belief systems (Magner, 1992).
In contrast, Greek physician Hippocrates (460–370 BC), credited with the Hippocratic Oath, argued that health depended on balance between bodily fluids or ‘humours’. He believed that the mind and body were one, and that external pathogens could lead to humour imbalance, and in turn, ill health (Franco & Williams, 2000; Jackson, 2001). Hippocrates’ ideas were later supported by Galen (129–199 AD), who believed that temperament was a product of bodily humours, and that people with different temperaments may be differentially susceptible to illness (Jackson, 2001; Stelmack & Stalikas, 1991). However, this was not an acknowledgement of the psychological impacting on the physical. Rather, temperament and illness were both seen as a reflection of the same underlying physical cause – the change in bodily humours.
Indeed, the mind–body relationship (the role of the psychological and the physical) is a central concept, which is continually revisited throughout definitions of health and illness. French philosopher Descartes (1596–1650) argued that the mind and body were separate. This is the concept underpinning dualism – that the body is visible and material, and is distinct from the mind, which is invisible and insubstantial (Duncan, 2000; Sullivan, 1986).
7 - Health risk behaviours: alcohol, drugs and smoking
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- By Jillian Dorrian, University of South Australia, Amanda Hutchinson, University of South Australia
- Jill Dorrian, University of South Australia, Einar Thorsteinsson, University of New England, Australia, Mirella Di Benedetto, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Katrina Lane-Krebs, Central Queensland University, Melissa Day, University of Queensland, Amanda Hutchinson, University of South Australia, Kerry Sherman, Macquarie University, Sydney
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- Book:
- Health Psychology in Australia
- Published online:
- 21 June 2018
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2017, pp 158-190
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Summary
Learning outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• describe the primary risk factors for health in Australia today
• explain behavioural risk factors that meet diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders
• explain why drivers of health risk behaviours are often complex, personal and emotionally laden
• describe the prevalence and impact of, and treatments for, excessive alcohol use and tobacco smoking
• describe the risk factors, treatment barriers and predictors of relapse for excessive alcohol use and tobacco smoking.
Introduction
Historically, healthcare has primarily focused on infectious diseases. In recent times, in developed countries such as Australia there has been a shift towards chronic illness and accidents. Indeed, the current health priority areas in Australia are cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, obesity, injury prevention/control, arthritis/musculoskeletal conditions and asthma (AIHW, 2011b). Risk factors for these priorities involve complex behavioural and social interactions. This chapter outlines some of the most common behaviours that are considered risk factors for health. An additional intricacy when considering health risk behaviours is that they are often associated with social disapproval or stigma. This can itself become a barrier to behaviour change, and ultimately treatment. In order to be effective agents of positive behaviour change, health psychologists need to understand the many factors that predispose an individual to health risk behaviours, as well as the barriers to change. In this chapter, we discuss alcohol dependence and tobacco smoking as examples of the complex reasons for behaviour that go beyond conscious ‘choice’. These two behaviours are primary risk factors for the common chronic illnesses (or ‘lifestyle diseases’) that are putting a large burden on the healthcare system.
Behavioural risk factors for health
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2015) has compiled a list of risk factors to health, summarised in Table 7.1. These risk factors fall into five categories: behavioural, genetic, biomedical, environmental and demographic. As health psychologists, we are particularly interested in the behavioural risk factors, as they are potentially modifiable through targeted interventions at the individual and societal level.