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The association between faecal host DNA or faecal calprotectin and feed efficiency in pigs fed yeast-enriched protein concentrate
- K. R. Slinger, A. H. Stewart, Z. C. T. R. Daniel, H. Hall, H. V. Masey O’Neill, M. R. Bedford, T. Parr, J. M. Brameld
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Gut cell losses contribute to overall feed efficiency due to the energy requirement for cell replenishment. Intestinal epithelial cells are sloughed into the intestinal lumen as digesta passes through the gastrointestinal tract, where cells are degraded by endonucleases. This leads to fragmented DNA being present in faeces, which may be an indicator of gut cell loss. Therefore, measuring host faecal DNA content could have potential as a non-invasive marker of gut cell loss and result in a novel technique for the assessment of how different feed ingredients impact upon gut health. Faecal calprotectin (CALP) is a marker of intestinal inflammation. This was a pilot study designed to test a methodology for extracting and quantifying DNA from pig faeces, and to assess whether any differences in host faecal DNA and CALP could be detected. An additional aim was to determine whether any differences in the above measures were related to the pig performance response to dietary yeast-enriched protein concentrate (YPC). Newly weaned (∼26.5 days of age) Large White × Landrace × Pietrain piglets (8.37 kg ±1.10, n = 180) were assigned to one of four treatment groups (nine replicates of five pigs), differing in dietary YPC content: 0% (control), 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% (w/w). Pooled faecal samples were collected on days 14 and 28 of the 36-day trial. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted and quantitative PCR was used to assess DNA composition. Pig genomic DNA was detected using primers specific for the pig cytochrome b (CYTB) gene, and bacterial DNA was detected using universal 16S primers. A pig CALP ELISA was used to assess gut inflammation. Dietary YPC significantly reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) from weaning to day 14 (P<0.001), but not from day 14 to day 28 (P = 0.220). Pig faecal CYTB DNA content was significantly (P = 0.008) reduced in YPC-treated pigs, with no effect of time, whereas total faecal bacterial DNA content was unaffected by diet or time (P>0.05). Faecal CALP levels were significantly higher at day 14 compared with day 28, but there was no effect of YPC inclusion and no relationship with FCR. In conclusion, YPC reduced faecal CYTB DNA content and this correlated positively with FCR, but was unrelated to gut inflammation, suggesting that it could be a non-invasive marker of gut cell loss. However, further validation experiments by an independent method are required to verify the origin of pig faecal CYTB DNA as being from sloughed intestinal epithelial cells.
LO038: Evaluation of a midstream urine collection technique for infants in the emergency department
- T. Crombie, R. Slinger, N. Barrowman, C. McGahern, L. Smith, J. Chu, K. McCoy, S. Akiki, A. Plint
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 18 / Issue S1 / May 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 June 2016, p. S43
- Print publication:
- May 2016
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Introduction: A novel bladder stimulation technique has been described for midstream urine (MSU) collection in well-feeding, inpatient newborns. We sought to determine the performance of this technique amongst infants presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). Methods: Our prospective ED-based study enrolled a convenience cohort of infants aged ≤ 90 days who required urine testing. Infants with significant feeding issues, moderate to severe dehydration, or critical illness were excluded. Bladder stimulation consisted of finger tapping on the lower abdomen with or without lower back massage while holding the child upright. Healthcare providers received standardized training in the technique. Primary outcome was the proportion of infants with successful MSU collection via the technique. Success was defined as adequate sample collection (≥ 1 mL urine) within 5 minutes of initiating stimulation. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of contaminated MSU samples, time required for MSU collection and full protocol completion, and patient discomfort as perceived by parent/guardian using a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]. Assuming success a priori in 50% of infants, a sample size of 115 allowed a 95% confidence interval of +/- 9.1% around the point estimate. Results: We enrolled 115 infants. Mean age was 53.0 days old (interquartile range [IQR] 26.7-68.0); 58.3% were male (69.2% uncircumcised). Midstream urine was successfully collected in 61 infants (53.0%; 95% CI 0.44,0.62). Thirty-one MSU samples (50.8%) were contaminated; uncircumcised males held the highest proportion (55.0%). Most contaminated samples (83.9%) were reported as “non-significant growth” or “growth of ≥ 3 organisms” and were easily identifiable as contaminants with minimal impact on clinical care. Only 4 (8.5%) of the 47 patients discharged home after successful MSU collection had a repeat ED visit for urine testing. Median stimulation time for MSU collection was 45 seconds (IQR 20-99 secs). Median time for full protocol completion was 30.83 minutes (IQR 24.42-46.83 mins). Mean VAS for infant discomfort was 20.2 mm (SD +/- 20.4 mm). Conclusion: Our pragmatic, ED-based study found the success rate of this bladder stimulation technique to be significantly lower (53%) than its published rate (86%). The contamination rate was high but most contaminated specimens were easily identifiable as such and had minimal clinical impact.
Contributors
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- By Graeme J.M. Alexander, Heung Bae Kim, Michael Burch, Andrew J. Butler, Tanveer Butt, Roy Calne, Edward Cantu, Robert B. Colvin, Paul Corris, Charles Crawley, Hiroshi Date, Francis L. Delmonico, Bimalangshu R. Dey, Kate Drummond, John Dunning, John D. Firth, John Forsythe, Simon M. Gabe, Robert S. Gaston, William Gelson, Paul Gibbs, Alex Gimson, Leo C. Ginns, Samuel Goldfarb, Ryoichi Goto, Walter K. Graham, Simon J.F. Harper, Koji Hashimoto, David G. Healy, Hassan N. Ibrahim, David Ip, Fadi G. Issa, Neville V. Jamieson, David P. Jenkins, Dixon B. Kaufman, Kiran K. Khush, Heung Bae Kim, Andrew A. Klein, John Klinck, Camille Nelson Kotton, Vineeta Kumar, Yael B. Kushner, D. Frank. P. Larkin, Clive J. Lewis, Yvonne H. Luo, Richard S. Luskin, Ernest I. Mandel, James F. Markmann, Lorna Marson, Arthur J. Matas, Mandeep R. Mehra, Stephen J. Middleton, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani, Charles Miller, Sharon Mulroy, Faruk Özalp, Can Ozturk, Jayan Parameshwar, J.S. Parmar, Hari K. Parthasarathy, Nick Pritchard, Cristiano Quintini, Axel O. Rahmel, Chris J. Rudge, Stephan V.B. Schueler, Maria Siemionow, Jacob Simmonds, Peter Slinger, Thomas R. Spitzer, Stuart C. Sweet, Nina E. Tolkoff-Rubin, Steven S.L. Tsui, Khashayar Vakili, R.V. Venkateswaran, Hector Vilca-Melendez, Vladimir Vinarsky, Kathryn J. Wood, Heidi Yeh, David W. Zaas, Jonathan G. Zaroff
- Edited by Andrew A. Klein, Clive J. Lewis, Joren C. Madsen
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- Book:
- Organ Transplantation
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 11 August 2011, pp vii-x
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