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Parent-child nativity, race, ethnicity, and mental health conditions among U.S. children
- K. Zarei, L. Kahle, D. Buckman, K. Choi, F. Williams
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S65
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Introduction
Over a quarter of U.S. children have at least one immigrant parent. Mental health disparities in children need to be assessed to better identify disproportionate burdens and promote health equity.
ObjectivesTo assess the associations between race, ethnicity, and parent-child nativity, and mental health conditions in the U.S.
MethodsData were from the 2016-2019 National Survey of Children’s Health (n=114,476 children aged 3-17 years), a nationwide, cross-sectional survey. Outcome variables included three mental health conditions (depression, anxiety, and behavior or conduct problems) reported by the parent/guardian. Additional measures included questions about healthcare access and use, demographics, and nine household challenge adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) used to quantify a total ACE score (0-9). Information on nativity was used to define immigrant generation (1st, 2nd, and 3rd+). Weighted logistic regression was used to assess the associations between race/ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White, and Other), household generation, and outcome variables, among children who reported access to or utilized health services, adjusting for demographics. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data.
ResultsAsian, Black, Hispanic, and White 3rd+ generation children had increased odds of depression compared to their 1st generation counterparts, same as among White, 2nd generation children. Race/ethnicity was not associated with depression among 1st and 3rd+ generation children, but Asian, Black, and Hispanic children had lower odds of depression compared to White children among 2nd generation children. Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Other-race 3rd+ generation children had increased odds of anxiety compared to their 1st generation counterparts, with similar findings also observed for Black and Other-race 2nd generation children. Being racial/ethnic minorities was generally associated with decreased odds of anxiety among 1st and 2nd generation children compared to White children from the respective generations. Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Other-race 3rd+ generation children had increased odds of behavior/conduct problems compared to their 1st generation counterparts. The observed associations remained significant after adjusting for the modified ACE score.
ConclusionsWe found significant differences in several mental health conditions in children by parent-child nativity, race, and ethnicity that could not be explained by demographics, childhood adversity, and healthcare access and use. Lower odds of mental health conditions among minority children could represent differences due to factors such as differential reporting, and higher odds of mental health conditions, including in third- and higher generation children, need further investigation to develop approaches to promote mental health equity.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Detecting Functional Impairment Among Adolescents in South Africa Using Culturally Adapted Assessments
- K. Zarei, A. Lundin, L. Carvajal Velez
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S62-S63
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Introduction
Functional impairment (FX) screening tools could potentially be used in resource-limited settings to identify adolescents who need mental health support.
ObjectivesCulturally adapted, isiXhosa versions of FX questions and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to assess depression (MDD) and anxiety (GAD) among adolescents (10-19 years) in South Africa.
MethodsAdolescents were recruited from the general population and from nongovernmental organizations working with those in need of mental health support. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were previously culturally adapted, translated into isiXhosa, and administered to 302 adolescents (10-19 years old, 56.9% female), and three culturally adapted items were asked to assess functional impairment regarding problems that 1) interfere with activities/relationships at home, 2) interfere with activities at school/work, and 3) cause any issues with peers. FX items were dichotomized into at least some impairment (“sometimes” and “often”) and no impairment (“rarely” and “never”). The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) was administered by trained clinicians as the gold standard measures for MDD, GAD, and FX. To assess criterion validity against a clinician’s diagnosis, we used total PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores as well as combined FX and PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores to construct receiver operating characteristic curves, and calculated the area under the curve (AUC) for each test as well as other psychometric properties.
ResultsIn the sample, 32.1% and 17.9% of adolescents screened positive for moderate to severe MDD and GAD respectively with the culturally adapted PHQ-9 and GAD-7. Among adolescents, 39.7%, 37.1%, and 29.1% reported at least some impairment at home, school, and among peers respectively. Spearman correlations between the three items (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.69) ranged from 0.35-0.53, and kappa statistics ranged from 0.18-0.47. For the culturally adapted PHQ-9, the AUC was 0.86 for the full sample. A score of >=10 had 97% sensitivity and 75% specificity for detecting MDD. For the culturally adapted GAD-7, the area under the curve was 0.69, and cutoff scores with an optimal sensitivity-specificity balance were low (>=6) and had 76% sensitivity and 69% specificity for detecting GAD. For the combination of the culturally adapted PHQ-9 with the FX questions, the AUC was 0.80 for the sample, and a score of >=10 had 77% sensitivity and 83% specificity for detecting adolescents with MDD. For the combination of the culturally adapted GAD-7 with the FX questions, the AUC was 0.68, and a score >=6 had 70% sensitivity and 76% specificity for detecting adolescents with GAD.
ConclusionsWhile the culturally adapted FX questions didn’t enhance the assessment of MDD and GAD among adolescents in South Africa, these items still provide an opportunity to measure FX in different settings.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
C-reactive protein and parathyroid hormone in acute severe psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder)
- S. Arya, H. Ahmadkhaniha, K. Alavi, B. Arya, Z. Zarei
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. S185-S186
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Introduction
and objectives Schizophrenia accompanies with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and vitamin D deficiency. However, there are scarce documentations regarding bipolar disorder and methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder.
AimTo compare serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and CRP levels in psychotic disorder patients and control group.
MethodsA case-control study was conducted on four groups: acute phase of schizophrenia, acute manic episode of bipolar disorder, methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder and healthy control subjects. Sample size was 45 in each group. Weekly duration of sun exposure, monthly vitamin D intake and serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, PTH and CRP were assessed. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to evaluate psychotic symptoms.
ResultsDuration of sun exposure and monthly vitamin D intake were comparable among groups. Serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus were not statistically different between groups (P = 0.463, P = 0.086 and P = 0.339, respectively). Serum levels of PTH were significantly higher in control group (P < 0.001). CRP levels were significantly lower in control subjects (P < 0.001). The levels of serum vitamin D and CRP did not show statistically significant difference among three groups of patients.
ConclusionAcute psychotic disorders seem to be associated with higher CRP and lower PTH levels. Clinical importance of the findings and relation of these differences to the metabolic and inflammatory bases of psychosis are not clear yet.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Characteristics and origin of sepiolite (Meerschaum) from Central Somalia
- A. Singer, K. Stahr, M. Zarei
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- Journal:
- Clay Minerals / Volume 33 / Issue 2 / June 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 July 2018, pp. 349-362
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Nearly pure sepiolite clay crops out in a playa-like depression near El Bur, Central Plateau region of Somalia. The deposit is associated with the Lower to Mid-Eocene Taleh Formation that includes, besides limestone, dolomite and gypsiferous marls, extensive anhydrite and various evaporites, primarily gypsum. The material was examined by XRD, DTA, IR and EM. The XRD and DTA analyses indicated that from 40 cm down to a depth of 300 cm, the material consists of well crystallized sepiolite, accompanied in some layers by minor calcite and traces of quartz and halite. The chemical composition, determined by XRF, indicated a low-Fe mineral, with the formula: (Si11.888Al0.l12)(Mg7.313Al0.154Fe0.084)O30(OH2)4(OH2)4.x8H2O.
The fibres, arranged in the form of interwoven mats, are straight and have lengths varying between 2-6 µm and widths of 20-40 nm. Commonly, they are aggregated into units of two parallel-lying fibres, with a random orientation against each other, creating a dense network of pores. The high viscosity and external surface area (306-346 m2g-1) of the material, compared to those of the Spanish Vallecas sepiolite, suggest the high industrial suitability of this clay. The extent of the deposit is not known. Lithology and geomorphology indicate a lacustrine, closed basin evaporative environment of formation for this deposit. In contrast to the palaeolacustrine environments of formation of Spanish and Turkish sepiolite deposits, the E1 Bur sepiolite apparently is more recent.