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4 - The Arms and Armour of Titian’s Allegory of Marriage
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- By Karen Watts
- Edited by Daniel M. Unger
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- Titian's Allegory of Marriage
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- Amsterdam University Press
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- 16 November 2022
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- 30 May 2022, pp 83-108
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Summary
Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that a technical study of the arms and armour depicted in paintings can be a useful tool in iconographic interpretation. The armour in Titian's paintings—especially those of two of his commissioners, Alfonso d’Avalos and Francesco Maria I della Rovere—can reveal how patrons wished to be understood in a military capacity. The armour presented can also be shown to reference Roman as well as medieval topoi. A secondary theme is an analysis of the allegorical role of the Cupid figure. It is not possible to affirm the identity of the sitter in the Allegory, but a close look at Titian's armoured portraits and the military metaphors may lead to a better understanding of the painting.
Key Words: Armour, infantry, war, weapons, arrows, Francesco Maria I della Rovere
Introduction
The identification of the armoured man in Titian's Allegory of Marriage as Alfonso d’Avalos is controversial (Plate 6 and Figure 4.1).
Alfonso III d’Avalos, Marquis of Vasto II and Marquis of Pescara VI (1502–1546), who was a commander in the army of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also collected art, wrote poetry and prose and commissioned paintings from Titian. The identification of Alfonso d’Avalos as the major male protagonist in the Allegory of Marriage was current by the seventeenth century. An examination of his military career and reputation may suggest the reason he has long been considered the subject of the painting. Whilst the identity of the armoured man in the Allegory is not easily affirmed, there is a second possible candidate in the person of another military general, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino.
This chapter focuses on analyses of the armour in Titian's portraits and how a man in armour would have been interpreted by a contemporary viewer. With even a few visible elements, a technical analysis of the armour in the Allegory of Marriage enables the reconstruction of the rest of the armour that is not shown or is obscured. It is important to be able to read the armour elements that are present and those that are clearly implied. A closer examination of the technical composition of the armour indicates whether a military battle armour is to be worn for foot combat or a cavalry charge.
The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
- Tourneys, Jousts and Pas d'Armes, 1100-1600
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 11 September 2020
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2020
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Fresh insights into the development of the tournament as an opportunity for social display.
Index of Manuscripts
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- Book:
- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp 240-241
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Contents
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- Book:
- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp v-vi
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Frontmatter
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp i-iv
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List of Contributors
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp xi-xii
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Appendix 1 - Calendar of the Royal Combats at the Field of Cloth of Gold, June 1520
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp 229-235
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Summary
Monday 4 June
Henry VIII arrived in Guînes at a new temporary palace, complete with towered foregate and gilt classical-style fountain and pillar as an admirable frontage. It also included a galleried passage to Guînes Castle for additional lodging for the king and his household. Some of the accompanying nobles were lodged in the palace and others in tents. Meanwhile Francis I had arrived at Ardres, a similarly small town that could not accommodate all, and many were likewise in tents and temporary pavilions. The French king had temporary lodgings erected for himself within the territory of an old castle outside Ardres which comprised a mast-supported pavilion complete with ornamentation of starry heavens and surrounded by yew bushes for a green-garden effect.
Tuesday 5 June
Henry's court went from Guînes to Ardres in an elaborate procession led by Cardinal Wolsey. This event is portrayed on the façade of Hôtel de Bourgtheroulde, Rouen.
Wednesday 6 June
Francis's court went from Ardres to Guînes in a reciprocal visit led by Cardinal Adrian Gouffier de Boissy and his brother Guillaume Gouffier, Admiral Bonnivet. This event is also depicted in the Rouen bas-reliefs.
Thursday 7 June
The two kings met for the first time. Each king, lavishly dressed in cloth of silver and damasked cloth of gold, departed from his own lodgings, timed to meet at the same moment in front of a cloth of gold pavilion that had been set up in the Vale of Andren. They were both accompanied by equally lavishly dressed courtiers and footmen.
Neither king wore any arms or armour. However, Henry was preceded by Thomas Grey, marquess of Dorset, bearing the king's sword of state, and Francis was preceded by Charles III, duke of Bourbon, Grand Constable of France (Grand Connetable de France), bearing the French sword of state. This was planned, but the way the French sword was carried caused a minor incident. Both should have been carried upwards in their scabbards. However, the French sword was out of the scabbard, with blade visible. ‘When it was perceived that the Franch king's sword was borne naked, then the king of England commanded the lorde marques Dorset to drawe out the sword of estate and bear it up naked in presence, which was so done’.
Index of Objects
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp 238-239
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10 - The Field of Cloth of Gold: Arms, Armour and the Sporting Prowess of King Henry VIII and King Francis I
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- By Karen Watts
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp 208-228
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Summary
The Field of Cloth of Gold was a summit meeting held in the summer of 1520 at which Henry VIII, king of England, and Francis I, king of France, jousted, tourneyed and fought on foot against knights of both courts. It was the first time that the two young kings met and it served to demonstrate to each other that they were physically powerful potentates. It is interesting to assess how these two kings reacted to each other. This chapter will uniquely consider the arms and armour of the two kings and their participation in the combats of the Field of Cloth of Gold. Rather than being suspicious of each other and acting as rivals, we can see the two kings revelling in each other’s company, in every sense.
The tournament was named after the magnificent and very costly cloth-ofgold pavilions embellishing an otherwise drab setting in the Pale of Calais, a wetland region in northern France captured by Edward III and the only part of mainland France to remain in English control at the end of the Hundred Years’ War. It was one of the most extraordinary tournaments of the period. Even today it is a byword for chivalry and extravagance. The scene-setting for the Field of Cloth of Gold was certainly elaborate. The palace, pavilions of cloth of gold and the tournament lists (arenas) were erected especially for the event and removed afterwards. It is remarkable that no physical trace of the tournament remains today.
The political and diplomatic intentions, planning, organisation and implications of the Field of Cloth of Gold have been discussed and put into context by French and English historians. There are numerous and sometimes contradictory primary sources including reports, accounts of revels, letters and chronicles. Sir Richard Wingfield was appointed ambassador at the French court and his letters to Cardinal Wolsey and to King Henry VIII are revealing as he reports candidly on King Francis I during the organisation of the tournament. The most detailed English source is Edward Hall, whose Chronicle, first printed in 1548, is invaluable as it uses an eyewitness account. A standard French source, the memoir of Guillaume du Bellay, together with various pamphlet commemorations, offers information about the sequence of events.
This essay, however, will consider a unique eyewitness source: the Maréchal de Fleuranges.
List of Illustrations
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- Book:
- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp vii-x
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Appendix 2 - Articles for the Challenge: The Emprise
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp 236-237
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1. In consequence of the numerous accidents to noblemen, sharp steel not to be used as in times past, but only arms for strength, agility and pastime.
2. The challenge to commence 11 June, and continue for a month, or so long as the two kings shall be together, when the said gentlemen will answer all comers with blunt lances in harness, with pieces of avantage cramponées ou non cramponées, without any fastening to the saddle that might prevent mounting or dismounting with ease. Each challenger to have eight courses, with middle-sized lances, or greater, if any of the comers prefer it.
3. The said gentlemen shall ride each one course in the open field with all comers, as many strokes to be given as the comers demand; great lances to be used and single-handed sharp swords, with blunt points, closing not allowed unless the comer desire it.
4. The said gentlemen shall give one encounter to all comers with blunt casting lances, and four strokes with blunted single-handed swords. With the double-handed swords, as many strokes shall be given as the judges think fit, but no closing allowed.
5. Harness with pieces of advantage, means with no head-piece but an armet; neither helm, demi-helm nor bassinet allowed.
6. The challengers shall send round heralds to declare the rules of the combat.
7. On 6 June, a tree shall be chosen, bearing the noble thorn entwined with raspberry, and on it shall be hung the shields of the challengers, and below them three escutcheons, black and grey, gold and tawny, and the last silver. Tablets, guarded by heralds, shall be hung below these for the names of the comers.
General Index
- Edited by Alan V. Murray, Karen Watts
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- Book:
- The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 11 September 2020
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- 21 August 2020, pp 242-249
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Rapid reviews versus full systematic reviews: An inventory of current methods and practice in health technology assessment: Corrigendum
- Amber Watt, Alun Cameron, Lana Sturm, Timothy Lathlean, Wendy Babidge, Stephen Blamey, Karen Facey, David Hailey, Inger Norderhaug, Guy Maddern
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- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 24 / Issue 3 / July 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 July 2008, p. 369
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In the article entitled “Rapid reviews versus full systematic reviews: An inventory of current methods and practice in health technology assessment,” by Watt et al. in volume 24 number 2 (Spring 2008) of International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, the affiliation of Stephen Blamey is incorrectly listed as Department of Health & Ageing. Dr. Blamey is the current Chair of the Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC). MSAC is an independent scientific committee comprising individuals with expertise in clinical medicine, health economics, and consumer matters. The Department of Health & Ageing administers funding and operations for MSAC. However, members of MSAC act independently of the Department. As Chair of MSAC, Dr. Blamey can be contacted through the Department. Dr. Blamey is not affiliated with the Department of Health and Ageing and his contribution to the above-mentioned article does not reflect its policy. Dr. Blamey wishes to apologize for this misunderstanding.
Rapid reviews versus full systematic reviews: An inventory of current methods and practice in health technology assessment
- Amber Watt, Alun Cameron, Lana Sturm, Timothy Lathlean, Wendy Babidge, Stephen Blamey, Karen Facey, David Hailey, Inger Norderhaug, Guy Maddern
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 24 / Issue 2 / April 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 April 2008, pp. 133-139
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Objectives: This review assessed current practice in the preparation of rapid reviews by health technology assessment (HTA) organizations, both internationally and in the Australian context, and evaluated the available peer-reviewed literature pertaining to the methodology used in the preparation of these reviews.
Methods: A survey tool was developed and distributed to a total of fifty International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) members and other selected HTA organizations. Data on a broad range of themes related to the conduct of rapid reviews were collated, discussed narratively, and subjected to simple statistical analysis where appropriate. Systematic searches of the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Australian Medical Index were undertaken in March 2007 to identify literature pertaining to rapid review methodology. Comparative studies, guidelines, program evaluations, methods studies, commentaries, and surveys were considered for inclusion.
Results: Twenty-three surveys were returned (46 percent), with eighteen agencies reporting on thirty-six rapid review products. Axiomatic trends were identified, but there was little cohesion between organizations regarding the contents, methods, and definition of a rapid review. The twelve studies identified by the systematic literature search did not specifically address the methodology underpinning rapid review; rather, many highlighted the complexity of the area. Authors suggested restricted research questions and truncated search strategies as methods to limit the time taken to complete a review.
Conclusions: Rather than developing a formalized methodology by which to conduct rapid reviews, agencies should work toward increasing the transparency of the methods used for each review. It is perhaps the appropriate use, not the appropriate methodology, of a rapid review that requires future consideration.
Altered behaviour in spotted hyenas associated with increased human activity
- Erin E. Boydston, Karen M. Kapheim, Heather E. Watts, Micaela Szykman, Kay E. Holekamp
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- Animal Conservation forum / Volume 6 / Issue 3 / August 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 August 2003, pp. 207-219
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- August 2003
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To investigate how anthropogenic activity might affect large carnivores, we studied the behaviour of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) during two time periods. From 1996 to 1998, we documented the ecological correlates of space utilization patterns exhibited by adult female hyenas defending a territory at the edge of a wildlife reserve in Kenya. Hyenas preferred areas near dense vegetation but appeared to avoid areas containing the greatest abundance of prey, perhaps because these were also the areas of most intensive livestock grazing. We then compared hyena behaviour observed in 1996-98 with that observed several years earlier and found many differences. Female hyenas in 1996-98 were found farther from dens, but closer to dense vegetation and to the edges of their territory, than in 1988-90. Recent females also had larger home ranges, travelled farther between consecutive sightings, and were more nocturnal than in 1988-90. Finally, hyenas occurred in smaller groups in 1996-98 than in 1988-90. We also found several changes in hyena demography between periods. We next attempted to explain differences observed between time periods by testing predictions of hypotheses invoking prey abundance, climate, interactions with lions, tourism and livestock grazing. Our data were consistent with the hypothesis that increased reliance on the reserve for livestock grazing was responsible for observed changes. That behavioural changes were not associated with decreased hyena population density suggests the behavioural plasticity typical of this species may protect it from extinction.