3 results
Land Use, Landscapes, and Biological Invasions
- Karie L. Decker, Craig R. Allen, Leonardo Acosta, Michelle L. Hellman, Christopher F. Jorgensen, Ryan J. Stutzman, Kody M. Unstad, Amy Williams, Matthew Yans
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- Journal:
- Invasive Plant Science and Management / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / March 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 108-116
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- Article
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The negative effect of invasive species on native species, communities, and ecosystems is widely recognized, and the economic effects in the United States are estimated to be billions of dollars annually. Studies often examine traits of nonnative species or examine what makes a particular habitat invasible. To better understand the factors governing invasions, we used the flora of Nebraska to characterize and compare native and nonnative plant occurrences throughout the state. In addition, we assessed four critical landscape predictors of nonnative plant richness: human population size and three land cover attributes that included percentage of grassland, percentage of agriculture, and percentage of public lands. Results indicated that individual plant species richness has increased by about 35% through invasions (primarily of annuals from the family Poaceae). In addition, human population density, percentage of agriculture, and percentage of public lands all show a positive association with nonnative plant richness. Successful plant invasions may change the composition of species communities, basic ecological functions, and the delivery of ecosystem services. Thus, identifying the factors that influence such variation in distribution patterns can be fundamental to recognizing the present and potential future extent of nonnative plant infestations and, in turn, developing appropriate management programs.
Contributors
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- By Maria Alejandra Abello, Adriana Albino, Kari L. Allen, Juan I. Areta, M. Susana Bargo, Thomas M. Bown, Mariana Brea, Adriana M. Candela, Guillermo H. Cassini, Esperanza Cerdeño, Federico J. Degrange, Maria T. Dozo, Marcos D. Ercoli, Juan C. Fernicola, John G. Fleagle, Analía M. Forasiepi, Miguel Griffin, Matthew T. Heizler, Ari Iglesias, Richard F. Kay, E. Christopher Kirk, Verónica Krapovickas, Michael Malinzak, Sergio D. Matheos, Nahuel A. Muñoz, Barbara Nash, Jorge I. Noriega, Edgardo Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Ana Parras, María E. Pérez, Michael E. Perkins, Jonathan M. G. Perry, J. Michael Plavcan, Francisco J. Prevosti, M. Sol Raigemborn, Luciano L. Rasia, Adán A. Tauber, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Néstor Toledo, Guillermo F. Turazzini, Amalia L. Villafañe, Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Alejandro F. Zucol
- Edited by Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Richard F. Kay, Duke University, North Carolina, M. Susana Bargo
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- Book:
- Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia
- Published online:
- 05 June 2013
- Print publication:
- 11 October 2012, pp vi-viii
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16 - Paleobiology of Santacrucian primates
- Edited by Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Richard F. Kay, Duke University, North Carolina, M. Susana Bargo
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- Book:
- Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia
- Published online:
- 05 June 2013
- Print publication:
- 11 October 2012, pp 306-330
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Summary
Abstract Over the past century, the Santa Cruz Formation of coastal Argentina (late Early Miocene) has yielded a remarkable collection of platyrrhine primates. With few notable exceptions, most of the specimens have been included in
Ameghino, 1891, a stem platyrrhineHomunculus patagonicus . Homunculus patagonicus was approximately 1.5 to 2.5 kg in body mass, about the size of a living saki monkey (Pithecia ) or a femaleCebus . Molar structure indicates that the diet consisted of a mixture of fruit and leaves. A deep jaw, large postcanine tooth roots, large postglenoid processes and moderately large chewing muscle attachments (i.e. massive zygomatic arches, sculpted temporalis origins) suggest that physically resistant foods were key components of the diet. Heavy tooth wear suggests large amounts of ingested silica or exogenous abrasives. Incisor morphology suggests that exudate harvesting may have been part of the behavioral repertoire, although not a specialization. The canines were small, providing no evidence of sclerocarpic foraging. Canines were sexually dimorphic, suggesting that the taxon experienced some intrasexual competition rather than being solitary or pair-bonded. Brain size was small and the frontal cortical region was proportionately small. From the small size and structure of the orbits, the structure of the organ of hearing, the reduced olfactory fossae and the relatively large infraorbital foramina, we infer thatHomunculus was probably diurnal, with acute vision and hearing, but with a poor sense of smell and little reliance on tactile vibrissae.Homunculus was an above-branch arboreal quadruped with leaping abilities. The semicircular canals show evidence of considerable agility, reinforcing the inference of leaping behavior. The overall locomotor repertoire is not unlike that of the forest-dwelling extant saki monkeyPithecia . Considered together, the mosaic of dietary and locomotor morphology inHomunculus suggests thatHomunculus inhabited an environment – as compared with earlier Colhuehuapian and Pinturan primate habitats – shifting towards greater seasonality in patchy forests near river courses.