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Oleamide rescues tibialis anterior muscle atrophy of mice housed in small cages
- Yasuyuki Kobayashi, Natsumi Watanabe, Tomoya Kitakaze, Keiichiro Sugimoto, Takeshi Izawa, Kenji Kai, Naoki Harada, Ryoichi Yamaji
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 126 / Issue 4 / 28 August 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 November 2020, pp. 481-491
- Print publication:
- 28 August 2021
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Skeletal muscle atrophy causes decreased physical activity and increased risk of metabolic diseases. We investigated the effects of oleamide (cis-9,10-octadecanamide) treatment on skeletal muscle health. The plasma concentration of endogenous oleamide was approximately 30 nm in male ddY mice under normal physiological conditions. When the stable isotope-labelled oleamide was orally administered to male ddY mice (50 mg/kg), the plasma concentration of exogenous oleamide reached approximately 170 nm after 1 h. Male ddY mice were housed in small cages (one-sixth of normal size) to enforce sedentary behaviour and orally administered oleamide (50 mg/kg per d) for 4 weeks. Housing in small cages decreased tibialis anterior (TA) muscle mass and the cross-sectional area of the myofibres in TA muscle. Dietary oleamide alleviated the decreases in TA muscle and resulted in plasma oleamide concentration of approximately 120 nm in mice housed in small cages. Housing in small cages had no influence on the phosphorylation levels of Akt serine/threonine kinase (Akt), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) in TA muscle; nevertheless, oleamide increased the phosphorylation levels of the proteins. Housing in small cages increased the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II and sequestosome 1 (p62), but not LC3-I, in TA muscle, and oleamide reduced LC3-I, LC3-II and p62 expression levels. In C2C12 myotubes, oleamide increased myotube diameter at ≥100 nm. Furthermore, the mTOR inhibitor, Torin 1, suppressed oleamide-induced increases in myotube diameter and protein synthesis. These results indicate that dietary oleamide rescued TA muscle atrophy in mice housed in small cages, possibly by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway and restoring autophagy flux.
Chapter 22 - Policies for Energy System Transformations: Objectives and Instruments
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- By Mark Jaccard, Simon Fraser University, Lawrence Agbemabiese, United Nations Environment Programme, Christian Azar, Chalmers University of Technology, Adilson de Oliveira, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Carolyn Fischer, Resources for the Future, Brian Fisher, BAEconomics, Alison Hughes, University of Cape Town, Michael Ohadi, University of Maryland, Kenji Yamaji, University of Tokyo, Xiliang Zhang, Tsinghua University, Igor Bashmakov, Center for Energy Efficiency, Sabine Schnittger, BAEconomics, Julie Tran, British Columbia Utilities Commission, David Victor, University of California, Charlie Wilson, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Mohan Munasinghe, Munasinghe Institute for Development, Sri Lanka and University of Manchester, Ian Johnson, Club of Rome
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
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- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
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- 27 August 2012, pp 1551-1602
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Summary
Executive Summary
The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) emphasizes the importance of energy to all societies, which explains a longstanding tendency for governments to be closely involved in the energy sector. The nature and extent of this involvement – the degree and types of energy-related policies – depends on a government's ideological orientation, the particular energy resource endowment in its jurisdiction, the development level of its economy, and specific concerns of its society with respect to energy access, energy security, and the environmental and human health impacts of energy supply and use.
In every country, energy's critical role for the goal of sustainable development is widely acknowledged. This means that energy-related policies need to be assessed in terms of performance with respect to the social, economic, and environmental dimensions that are encompassed by the concept of sustainable development. Ideally, energyrelated policies will make advances with respect to all three of these critical sustainability dimensions. But frequently policymakers are faced with difficult trade-offs in which improvement in one dimension is at the cost of another. Thus, the first goal of energy-related policy design should be to seek win-win opportunities for simultaneously advancing social, economic, and environmental goals. When this is not possible, the goal should be to apply decision-support mechanisms that integrate diverse social objectives and values into the policy design process, such as the application of multi-criteria analysis as described by Munasinghe (1992; 2009).