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Vaccinating to Prevent Antibiotic Use: Potential Impact of a Group A Streptococcus Vaccine on Acute Respiratory Infections
- Joseph Lewnard, Laura King, Katherine Fleming-Dutra, Ruth Link-Gelles, Chris Van Beneden
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, p. s428
- Print publication:
- October 2020
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Background: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes acute upper respiratory tract infections that are frequently treated with antibiotics. GAS vaccines in development may prevent both disease and outpatient antibiotic prescribing. We estimated (1) the incidences of GAS-attributable pharyngitis, sinusitis, and acute otitis media (AOM) infections in the United States; (2) the proportion of these infections resulting in antibiotic prescriptions; and (3) the incidence of infection and antibiotic prescribing potentially preventable by vaccination against GAS. Methods: We estimated annual rates of US outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions for pharyngitis, sinusitis, and AOM using physician office and emergency department visit data in the National Ambulatory Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2012 to 2015. We supplemented this with visits to other outpatient settings (eg, urgent care) from the 2016 IBM MarketScan Commercial Database. We estimated the proportion of episodes attributable to GAS and to GAS emm types targeted by a 30-valent vaccine in development using data from previously conducted etiology studies. We estimated the incidence of disease and antibiotic prescribing preventable by a vaccine meeting the WHO 80% efficacy target for preventing noninvasive GAS disease, with doses administered during infancy and at age 4 years. We estimated the proportion of outpatient antibiotic prescribing preventable by vaccination by dividing estimates by total antibiotic dispensations, estimated from the IQVIA TM dataset. Results: Among individuals aged 0–64 years, GAS causes 27.3 (95% CI, 24.6–30.6) ambulatory care visits and 16.4 (95% CI, 14.5–18.6) outpatient antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually for pharyngitis, sinusitis, and AOM combined, representing 2.1% (95% CI, 1.8%–2.4%) of all outpatient antibiotic prescriptions. Among children aged 3–9 years, GAS-attributable incidence includes 124.4 (95% CI, 109.0–142.1) visits and 77.1 (95% CI, 65.7–90.6) antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, representing 8.6% (95% CI, 7.3%–10.1%) of antibiotic prescriptions in this age group. Individual-level direct protection from a 30-valent vaccine meeting the WHO target could prevent 26.0% (95% CI, 24.0%–28.1%) of pharyngitis visits; 17.3% (95% CI, 15.5%–19.5%) of pharyngitis, sinusitis, and AOM visits; and 5.5% (95% CI, 4.7%–6.4%) of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions among children aged 3–9 years. If vaccination eliminated the need for antibiotic treatment of pharyngitis (for which GAS is the only etiology warranting antibiotic treatment), the total effects of vaccination could include the prevention of up to 17.2% (95% CI, 15.0%–19.6%) and 6.8% (95% CI, 6.3%–7.3%) of antibiotic prescriptions among persons 3–9 years and 0–64 years of age, respectively. Conclusions: In addition to preventing infections and healthcare visits, an efficacious GAS vaccine could prevent a substantial volume of outpatient antibiotic prescribing in the United States.
Funding: This work was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Disclosures: Laura M. King is a contractor employed by Northrop Grumman Corporation to fulfill research needs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of a contract covering many positions and tasks. All other authors declare no conflicts.
Shock formation in two-layer equal-density viscous gravity currents
- Tim-Frederik Dauck, Finn Box, Laura Gell, Jerome A. Neufeld, John R. Lister
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 863 / 25 March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 January 2019, pp. 730-756
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The flow of a viscous gravity current over a lubricating layer of fluid is modelled using lubrication theory. We study the case of an axisymmetric current with constant influx which allows for a similarity solution, which depends on three parameters: a non-dimensional influx rate ${\mathcal{Q}}$; a viscosity ratio $m$ between the lower and upper layer fluid; and a relative density difference $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}$. The limit of equal densities $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}=0$ is singular, as the interfacial evolution equation changes nature from parabolic to hyperbolic. Theoretical analysis of this limit reveals that a discontinuity, or shock, in the interfacial height forms above a critical viscosity ratio $m_{crit}=3/2$, i.e. for a sufficiently less viscous upper-layer fluid. The physical mechanism for shock formation is described, which is based on advective steepening of the interface between the two fluids and relies on the lack of a contribution to the pressure gradient from the interfacial slope for equal-density fluids. In the limit of small but non-zero density differences, local travelling-wave solutions are found which regularise the singular structure of a potential shock and lead to a constraint on the possible shock heights in the form of an Oleinik entropy condition. Calculation of a simplified time-dependent system reveals the appropriate boundary conditions for the late-time similarity solution, which includes a shock at the nose of the current for $m>3/2$. The numerically calculated similarity solutions compare well to experimental measurements with respect to the predictions of self-similarity, the radial extent and the self-similar top-surface shapes of the current.