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Family members living with relatives with severe acquired brain injury (ABI) face many challenges. Although this is recognised, service provision in the UK is poor and needs development.
Method:
In order to support innovative service delivery for family members, we reflect on the research carried out by the first author using a new perspective – a lifeworld humanising approach in order to consider (a) the dehumanising existential challenges facing family members of people living with severe ABI and (b) what family members most value in service delivery presented in humanising terms.
Findings:
Following ABI, family members may enter a parallel lifeworld (feeling separate from ‘usual’ life as it flows by) and face fundamental existential challenges of isolation, loss of agency, dislocation, loss of meaning and loss of personal journey. Family members have reported that service providers who are highly valued are those who act as ‘expert companions’. This role involves supporting families in some, if not all of the following (a) reaching across into the lifeworld of the family member and appreciating and validating what they are facing, (b) helping them make sense of their situation in terms which are meaningful to them and which they can explain to others, (c) through ABI expertise, supporting their relative through knowing their interests and needs and adapting the environment to suit these to help their relative to ‘settle’ and flourish, (d) supporting family members to share their life experiences – developing safe and trusting relationships, (e) having a humane, positive, creative and for some, a humorous approach, (f) being responsive to changing situations, (g) being available to call during times of worry or crisis and (h) help link with others and helpful networks.
Discussion:
It is suggested that the role and approach of companion may help family members regain some sense of their own life and their well-being.
Comorbid anxiety and mood disorders occur in 30% and 60% of individuals post-ABI (acquired brain injury), respectively (Juengst et al, 2014). The presence of psychiatric symptoms correlate to poorer outcomes in post-stroke rehabilitation, worsened quality of life (QoL), and deficits in memory, attention, and processing speed that persists years following the index event. Despite this, it is unclear whether to what degree anxiety impacts cognition. Furthermore, the literature on this topic is inconsistent when comparing subjective and clinician measurements. This study seeks to ameliorate this gap in literature by analyzing how clinicians’ measures of anxiety and cognitive performance correlate with subjective assessments of patient's own anxiety symptoms.
Method
Individuals with an ABI who were seen in a clinical neuropsychiatry outpatient clinic between 2019 and 2020 completed a GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) questionnaire (patient's self-report of the severity of anxiety symptoms) and an observer completed a Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPIQ) including a subscale for anxiety (NPIQ-A). Participants also underwent a formal cognitive examination with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). A total of 24 ABI patients (depressed ABI and non-depressed ABI) were analyzed for variation, statistical agreement and correlation. Here, total anxiety scores (using GAD-7 scores), anxiety severity (correlating category based on total GAD-7 score) were compared against the objective measures for anxiety (NPI-QA) and cognition (MoCA). In order to standardize MoCA scores, z scores were used in the statistical analysis.
Result
The patient's subjective raw scores of anxiety were statistically significantly different from the corresponding scores from objective observers on Wilcoxon-Rank Sum tests (p < 0.01), however, there was a statistical correlation between GAD (categorized by severity level) and NPI-QA (p = 0.75). Spearman Rank Correlation did show positive, but, statistically insignificant correlation between dyads of these independent variables (including GAD7/NPIQ-A, GAD 7 categorised/NPIQ-A, GAD7/MoCA, GAD 7 categorised/MoCA).
Conclusion
These findings indicate (1) self-reported measures of anxiety (GAD7) in ABI were inconsistent with objective measures of anxiety in this cohort, (2) anxiety measures did not demonstrate significant correlation when compared to objective measures for cognitive function, and (3) ABI patients did not display good insight into the severity of their anxiety symptoms as measured by the GAD7. Further research should focus on utilizing other subjective measurement tools for anxiety and/or clinician evaluation tools with NPIQ-A.
The sweet potato weevil (SPW), Cylas formicarius, is a serious pest of sweet potato in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Ten strains of Metarhizium sp. isolated from Australian soil samples were evaluated for their growth characteristics and screened for virulence to adult SPW under laboratory conditions. All isolates except QD62 (48.6%) had moderate to high germination (66–97%), and all took 2 to 4 days to sporulate at 25 °C. The optimal temperature for radial growth for the majority of isolates was 30 °C, and there was a significant interaction between isolate and temperature (P< 0.05). Isolate QS155 showed the fastest radial growth at 30 °C. The internal transcribed spacer sequences showed slight variations among the isolates; however, all isolates were shown to be Metarhizium anisopliae. Isolates varied greatly in their virulence. At 10 days after inoculation (DAI) by immersion in a suspension of 1 × 107conidia/ml, 9 of the 10 isolates were virulent, causing 80–100% mortality of adult SPW. Only two isolates (QS001-6 and QS155) caused more than 50% mortality at 5 DAI. In dose-mortality bioassays, isolate QS155 had the lowest 20-day LC50 and LC90 values; however, there were no statistically significant differences in mortality among the three most promising isolates tested (QD66, QS001-6 and QS155). These results show that M. anisopliae isolate QS155 has potential as a microbial control agent for SPW, and that further evaluation under glasshouse and field conditions is warranted.
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
The fourteen essays of this volume engage in distinct ways with the matter of motion in early modern Spanish poetics, without limiting the dialectic of stasis and movement to any single sphere or manifestation. Interrogation of the interdependence of tradition and innovation, poetry, power and politics, shifting signifiers, the intersection of topography and deviant temporalities, the movement between the secular and the sacred, tensions between centres and peripheries, issues of manuscript circulation and reception, poetic calls and echoes across continents and centuries, and between creative writing and reading subjects, all demonstrate that Helgerson's central notion of conspicuous movement is relevant beyond early sixteenth-century secular poetics, By opening it up we approximate a better understanding of poetry's flexible spatio-temporal co-ordinates in a period of extraordinary historical circumstances and conterminous radical cultural transformation. Los catorce ensayos de este volumen conectan de una manera perceptible con el tema del movimiento en la poesía española del siglo de oro, sin limitar la dialéctica de la estasis y movimiento a una sola esfera o manifestación única. Entre los multiples enfoques cabe destacar: el cuestionamiento de la interdependencia de la tradición e inovación, de la poesía, del poder y la política, de los significantes que se transforman, de los espacios que conectan y cruzan con los tiempos 'desviados'; análisis de las tensiones entre lo sagrado y lo secular, del conflicto centro-periferia y del complejo sistema de producción, circulación y recepción de los manuscritos; el diálogo con el eco poético a través de los siglos y de los continentes y la construcción creativa del sujeto escritor y/o lector. Al abrir la noción central de Helgerson del "movimiento conspicuo" más allá de la poesía nueva secular, este libro propone un entendimiento más completo de las coordinadas espacio-temporales de la poesía en un periodo de circunstancias históricas extrao. Jean Andrews is Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham. Isabel Torres is Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast. Contributors: Jean Andrews, Dana Bultman, Noelia Cirnigliaro, Marsha Collins, Trevor J. Dadson, Aurora Egido, Verónica Grossi, Anne Holloway, Mark J. Mascia, Terence O'Reilly, Carmen Peraita, Amanda Powell, Colin Thompson, Isabel Torres.
The current interest in multiethnic metros (see, for example, Frey and Farley, 1996), global neighbourhoods (see, for example, Logan and Zhang, 2010), and urban intermixing (see, for example, Brown and Sharma, 2010) signal the emergence of urban environments characterised by growing and sizable non-White immigrant populations and their offspring. The emphasis on multiethnicity and mixing also draws attention away from Black–White isolation, the social division that motivated much of the original research on residential racial segregation in the US (see also Chapter Two, this volume). This chapter connects these newer diversities and older segregations by taking stock of recent changes in the neighbourhood geographies of people who identify as White. Using 1990, 2000 and 2010 US Census data to analyse all metropolitan areas exceeding one million people, we showcase the increasing racial diversity in these places and their census tracts. We focus on the neighbourhoods in which Whites constitute a large majority. The number and share of these tracts is diminishing everywhere, but the pace and form of this transition to greater diversity in neighbourhood space is uneven across and within metropolitan areas. We explore these transitions and their correlates and argue that ‘White flight’, a term redolent of the demarcation of the Black–White colour line and White suburbanisation in the late 20th century, has not slipped away in the multiethnic, global 21st century; it has found new spatial expression.
The racial and ethnic profile of the US has changed considerably in the last few decades. Immigration from Central and South America and parts of Asia drives these new demographic diversities and they play out on the ground in complicated ways. Newcomers and their offspring continue to settle, for the most part, in large metropolitan areas of the country. Additionally, new immigrants tend to concentrate within particular neighbourhoods, increasing Asian-White and Latino-White segregation in a number of places (Frey, 2011). At the same time, many urban neighbourhoods that were predominantly White are diversifying as non-Whites take up residence. These changes, of course, layer on top of the historic subordination of Blacks by Whites and the continued residential ‘hyper-segregation’ of African Americans from Whites (Massey and Denton, 1993; Wilkes and Iceland, 2004).
Low weight at birth has previously been shown to be associated with a number of adult diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and obesity later in life. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been published for singleton-born individuals, but the role of genetic variation in birth weight (BW) in twins has not yet been fully investigated. A GWAS was performed in 4,593 female study participants with BW data available from the TwinsUK cohort. A genome-wide significant signal was found in chromosome 9, close to the NTRK2 gene (OMIM: 600456). QIMR, an Australian twin cohort (n = 3,003), and UK-based singleton-birth individuals from the Hertfordshire cohort (n = 2,997) were used as replication for the top two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) underpinning this signal, rs12340987 and rs7849941. The top SNP, rs12340987, was found to be in the same direction in the Australian twins and in the singleton-born females (fixed effects meta-analysis beta = -0.13, SE = 0.02, and p = 1.48 × 10−8) but not in the singleton-born males tested. These findings provide an important insight into the genetic component of BW in twins who are normally excluded due to their lower BW when compared with singleton births, as well as the difference in BW between twins. The NTRK2 gene identified in this study has previously been associated with obesity.
A novel three dimensional (3D) self-assembled hierarchical bismuth oxide was prepared via a sol-gel synthesis with the aid of capping agent of polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG-8000) at 85 ℃ in 45 min. The morphology evolution was studied versus reaction time and interpreted in terms of growth mechanisms. The as-grown 3D hierarchical flower-like bismuth oxide was crystalline cubic gamma-phase. The morphology and crystal phase of these 3D cubic gamma-phase bismuth oxide flowers were not changed with heating up to 600 ℃. The flower-like morphology was attributed to modification of the growth kinetics by the capping agent from the PEG-OH bond bridging with bismuth ions. Europium doped gadolinium oxide shell were further deposited on the bismuth oxide cores through sol-gel synthesis showing good photoluminescence characteristics at 610 and 622 nm under the excitation at 280 nm.
Thin films of zinc sulfide (ZnS) doped with Mn, were deposited using magnetron sputter source. The electroluminescent properties of the as-deposited films were relatively poor. Post- deposition rapid thermal annealing (RTA) with and without co-dopants was studied. Significant changes in microstructure and EL performance were observed on the samples after post-sputter processing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were employed to characterize the microstructure. Both inter-grain and intra-grain distributions of the co-dopants were measured using energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX) and the distribution versus thickness was determined by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). A correlation between electroluminescent properties and the microstructure is obtained.
The stresses in Al-0.75w%Si-0.5w%Cu unpatterned metallization on silicon wafers have been measured using substrate curvature and x-ray diffraction techniques after quenching in liquid nitrogen. Stresses were measured with and without phospho-silicate glass overlayers and SiO2 underlayers, and thermal cycling followed by relaxation at room temperature. It was found that cooling the substrates to 77 K and warming to room temperature caused the metallization stress to go from tensile to compressive. Subsequent heating of the substrates to above ∼70°C followed by cooling to room temperature caused the stress to become tensile. Both compressive and tensile stresses were found to relax at room temperature with a time constant of 2.3 ± 0.2 hours. The magnitude of stress relaxation was a function of temperature, being about 20 MPa after heating to 240°C. The metallization exhibited both compressive and tensile flow stresses of ∼100 MPa near room temperature.
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