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Dimensions of globalisation and social welfare policies in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries
- Marcelo Santos, Marta Simões
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- Journal:
- Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy / Volume 37 / Issue 3 / November 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 April 2021, pp. 195-210
- Print publication:
- November 2021
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Which dimensions of globalisation have an impact on social expenditure? How do different social welfare policies react to globalisation? This paper addresses these questions focusing on 36 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over the period 1990–2015 and applying system Generalised Method of Moments to deal with endogeneity. We consider different dimensions of globalisation, economic, social and political, and their potential differentiated impacts on variegated social welfare policies. According to our findings, all the dimensions of globalisation have a positive effect on total social expenditure and on most of its components, although the influence is not statistically significant for social globalisation. The social welfare policies affected by globalisation are old age pensions, incapacity related, family and unemployment benefits and active labour market policies. These results can shed additional light on social and economic outcomes of globalisation such as poverty, inequality, long run growth and economic recovery.
The Effects Of Shame, Self-compassion And Perfectionistic Self-presentation Of Body Image On Eating Psychopathology
- A.L. Mendes, C. Ferreira, J. Marta-Simões, I.A. Trindade
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 33 / Issue S1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S428
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Shame is considered a painful emotion that emerges in social contexts when the individual perceives that others see the self as inferior, inadequate or defective. This emotion is associated with decreased levels of self-compassion and may trigger several defensive responses, such as the need to present a perfect body image. Furthermore, shame has been conceptualized as a key component of eating psychopathology.
This study aims to explore the role of external shame in the engagement in disordered eating attitudes and behaviours through the mechanisms of self-compassion and body image-related perfectionistic self-presentation. A path analysis testing a mediational model was conducted in a sample of 469 women from the general community, aged between 18 and 35 years old.
The tested model explained 49% of the eating psychopathology's variance and presented excellent fit indices. Results demonstrated that external shame has a direct effect on disordered eating behaviours and simultaneously an indirect effect through the mechanisms of self-compassion and the need to present a perfect physical appearance.
These results seem to corroborate the link between shame and eating psychopathology. Additionally, these data suggest that women who present higher levels of shame show decreased self-compassion and tend to adopt compensatory maladaptive strategies, such as striving for a perfect body. Furthermore, these findings have significant clinical implications, highlighting the importance of developing new programs focused on shame and on the promotion of adaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as self-compassion.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The central role of body image in the explanation of the engagement in disordered eating attitudes and behaviors
- C. Ferreira, A.L. Mendes, J. Marta-Simões
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S550
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Shame is a universal emotion, that has been emphasized as a pathogenic phenomenon in well-being and mental health. In fact, although shame has been considered an adaptive defensive response, higher levels of this painful emotion are strongly associated with different mental health conditions. The current study aimed to test whether the association of external shame with eating psychopathology would be explained by the mechanisms of body image-related cognitive fusion, psychological inflexibility, and also dietary restraint. A path analysis testing a mediational model was conducted in a sample of 787 women from the general community, aged between 18 and 51 years old. The tested model accounted for 71% of the variance of eating psychopathology and revealed an excellent fit to the data. Results demonstrated that external shame's impact on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors is indirect, carried through increased body image-related cognitive fusion, psychological inflexibility related to physical appearance, and dietary restraint. These findings seem to support the association between shame and eating psychopathology. Furthermore, these data add to literature by suggesting that individuals who present higher levels of shame may present increased tendency to engage in dietary restraint and other maladaptive eating behaviors, through higher levels of body image-related psychological inflexibility and cognitive fusion. The current study seems to hold important clinical implications, highlighting the importance of developing intervention programs in the community which target shame and body image-related maladaptive attitudes and behaviors and, in turn, promote adaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., acceptance abilities).
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Does committed action act as a buffer against the impact of shame on depression?
- C. Ferreira, J. Marta-Simões, I.A. Trindade, A.L. Mendes
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S527
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Committed action is defined as the ability to take action guided by personal life values, i.e., to be persistent in valued behaviours even when such pursuit implicates facing setbacks and experiencing discomfort. This is a key process for acceptance and commitment therapy, and is linked to several positive mental health outcomes. Although current literature has stressed the pervasive impact of shame on psychopathology, especially on depression, data concerning the role of committed action on the impact of shame on depression is considered insufficient. Considering these premises, the current study intended to explore the moderator role of committed action in the relationship between external shame and depressive symptomatology, in an adult sample of 178 participants of both sexes. Path analysis’ results showed that shame holds a positive effect on depression (β = 1.19, P < .001), and that committed action serves as a moderator of the effect of shame on depression (β = –.63, P < .010). The tested model accounted for 45% of the variance of depression symptoms. A graphical representation allowed to observe that committed action presents a buffer effect for the harmful impact of shame on symptoms of depression. That is, at any level of shame experienced, those individuals who revealed higher levels of committed action showed less depression symptoms. This study has corroborated the powerful effect of external shame on depression symptoms, which was found to be buffered by committed action. The present findings thus highlight the pertinence of identifying personal life values and motivating committed action, particularly in prevention and intervention programs for depression.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The Role of Maladaptive Psychological Strategies in the Association between Shame and Psychological Quality of Life
- C. Ferreira, A.L. Mendes, J. Marta-Simões
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S86
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Shame experiences have been highly associated with the engagement in maladaptive strategies (such as experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion) to cope with unwanted thoughts and feelings. Furthermore, these maladaptive processes have been linked to different psychopathological conditions.
The current study aimed to test the mediational effect of two different emotional regulation processes, cognitive fusion (i.e., the entanglement with unwanted inner events) and experiential avoidance (i.e., the unwillingness to be in contact with these inner experiences and the tendency to avoid and control them), on the association between external shame and psychological quality of life.
Participants were 421 (131 males and 290 females), aged between 18 and 34 years old.
The tested path model explained 40% of the variance of psychological quality of life and showed excellent model fit indices. Results demonstrated that external shame presented a significant direct effect on psychological quality of life and, in turn, an indirect effect, through the mechanisms of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance. In fact, these findings seem to suggest that higher levels of external shame are linked to a higher tendency to engage in cognitive fusion and to lower acceptance abilities, which appear to explain decreased levels of psychological quality of life.
The present findings seem to offer significant clinical implications, emphasizing the importance of targeting maladaptive emotion strategies through the development of acceptance and decentering abilities.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Shame and Depression: The Roles of Self-reassurance and Social Safeness
- J. Marta-Simões, C. Ferreira, A.L. Mendes
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. s241
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Self-reassurance and social safeness are both positive factors linked with a lighter experience of shame and depression symptoms. Self-reassurance is defined as an adaptive emotion regulation process, and social safeness as an emotion experience related to feelings of being safe around others, accepted by others, and connected to one's social world. Nevertheless, data about how self-reassurance and social safeness and pleasure operate in the association between external shame and depression is still scarce. A path model which hypothesised that self-reassurance and social safeness and pleasure may act as mediators on the association between shame and depressive symptomatology was tested. This study's sample consisted of adult men (n = 54) and women (n = 125), from the Portuguese general population. Results indicated that self-reassurance and social safeness act as mediators in the relationship between shame and depression symptoms. Specifically, a higher report of shame seems to explain higher levels of depressive symptomatology, via lower tendency for self-reassurance and poorer experience of social safeness. The tested model explained 45% of the variance of depressive symptomatology and was revealed to be invariant between men and women. This study's results underline the profound impact of the experience of comfort within secure and warm social relationships, but mostly the importance of self-soothing and self-compassion abilities which associate with greater social functioning. Moreover, in practical terms, these findings reinforce the pertinence of cultivating self-compassion, which has proven to be particularly relevant when intervening with high levels of shame, and in the prevention of depression.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Maladaptive emotion regulation mediating the link between the recall of early affiliative memories and depressive symptomatology
- J. Marta-Simões, C. Ferreira, A.L. Mendes, I.A. Trindade
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 33 / Issue S1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S158
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The inability of recalling warm and safe memories with parents and close relatives has been often associated in literature with a negative and judgmental sense of self, and a higher proneness to experience feelings of inferiority, inadequacy, and defectiveness. Thus, intending to deal with self-judgment and inferiority, individuals may become submissive as a way of compensating one's negative emotional states with other's positive attention and desirability. However, both early negative affiliative memories and submissiveness are associated with higher vulnerability to psychopathology, namely depression. Using a sample of 338 young women, the present study intended to examine the association between early affiliative memories and depressive symptomatology, and the mediator roles of self-judgment and submissive attitudes and behaviours on this association, through a path analysis. The tested model provided an excellent fit to the data, accounting for 41% of the depressive symptomatology's variance. Results revealed a direct effect of early affiliative memories on depressive symptomatology; and also on self-judgement and submissiveness, explaining 28% and 23% of their variances, respectively. Moreover, part of these memories’ effect on depressive symptomatology was explained by self-judgment and submissiveness, which seems to suggest that submissiveness, although used to compensate feelings of inferiority and a judging attitude towards the self, may be a maladaptive strategy due to its positive association with depressive symptoms. This study's findings appear to emphasize the relevance of targeting submissiveness, especially in the context of a scarce recall of early affiliative experiences, when approaching women's depressive symptomatology on mental health promotion programs.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Decentering and avoidance: Mechanisms between external shame and depression symptomatology
- C. Ferreira, A.L. Mendes, J. Marta-Simões, I.A. Trindade
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 33 / Issue S1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S157
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It is widely accepted that shame plays a significant role in the development and maintenance psychopathology, namely depressive symptoms. In fact, the experience of shame is highly associated with the adoption of maladaptive strategies to cope with negative feelings, such as experiential avoidance (i.e., the unavailability to accept one's private experiences), and the inability of decenter oneself from unwanted internal events. The present study aims to explore a mediation model that examines whether external shame's effect on depressive symptomatology is mediated through the mechanisms of decentering and experimental avoidance, while controlling for age. Participants were 358 adults of both genders from the general population that completed a battery of self-report scales measuring external shame, decentering, experimental avoidance and depression. The final model explained 33% of depression and revealed excellent model fit indices. Results showed that external shame has a direct effect on depressive symptomatology and simultaneously an indirect effect mediated by the mechanisms of decentering and experiential avoidance. These data seem to support the association between shame and depressive symptomatology. Nevertheless, these findings add to literature by suggesting that when the individual presents higher levels of shame he or she may present lower decentering abilities and tends to engage in experiential avoidance, which amplify the impact of external shame and depression. Furthermore, our findings seem to have important clinical implications, stressing the importance of developing intervention programs in the community that target shame and experimental avoidance and that promote adaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., decentering) to deal with adverse experiences.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Cognitive fusion: Maladaptive emotion regulation endangering body image appreciation and related eating behaviours
- M. Marta-Simões, C. Ferreira, A.L. Mendes
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. S556-S557
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Body image-related cognitive fusion is described as the perception that undesired and distressing internal events related to body image are reliable representations of reality. This maladaptive emotion regulation process is known for its impact on human suffering, namely eating psychopathology. On the contrary, body appreciation is a positive body image construct, defined as an attitude of acceptance and affection toward one's body image characteristics, despite some level of dissatisfaction. Although body appreciation associates negatively with several pathogenic processes, its relationship with body image-related cognitive fusion is still unexplored. The present study intended to analyse the power of body image related cognitive fusion regarding its impact on body appreciation, and also on the engagement in disordered eating. The study's sample comprised 308 women, aged between 18 and 35. A path model tested the mediator role of body image related cognitive fusion in the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and body appreciation, and eating disorders symptomatology, controlled for the effect of body mass index.
The tested model accounted for 67% of the variance of disordered eating. Body image related cognitive fusion appeared as a significant mediator of the association between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation. Body appreciation presented a significant direct effect on eating disorders symptomatology. These findings highlight the disturbing effect of cognitive fusion related to body image on the construction of a positive body image, presenting an impact on the engagement in disordered eating. In this line, cognitive fusion may be a pertinent target in clinical practice and also within eating disorders prevention.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Childhood Emotional Experiences and Eating Psychopathology: The Mediational Role of Different Emotion Regulation Processes
- A.L. Mendes, C. Ferreira, J. Marta-Simões
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S286
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Positive experiences from childhood have been consistently associated with well-being and with feelings of social safeness and connectedness. On the other hand, the lack of early experiences characterized by warmth, soothing and care may lead to the later experience of fearing to receive compassion from others, to the engagement in self-judgment, and may be associated with a large spectrum of psychopathology. The present study tested a model which hypothesized that the impact of early positive memories with family figures on the engagement in disordered eating is carried by the mechanisms of social safeness and connectedness with others, fears of receiving compassion from others, and self-judgment. The sample comprised 399 women, aged between 18 and 55 years old. The path model accounted for 33% of eating psychopathology's variance and showed excellent model fit indices. Results revealed that the impact of early affiliative memories with family figures on eating psychopathology was totally mediated by the mechanisms of social safeness, fears of compassion from others, and self-judgment. In fact, women who reported a lack of early memories of warmth and safeness with family figures seemed to present lower feelings of safeness and connectedness within social relationships, higher tendency to fear receiving kindness and compassion from others, and more self-judgmental attitudes. These findings support the importance of developing intervention programs in the community, which target maladaptive emotion regulation processes (such as compassionate-based interventions) to promote mental health, especially in a context of early adverse experiences.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The Impact of Early Affiliative Memories on Psychological Health: The Mediator Role of External Shame and Cognitive Fusion
- C. Ferreira, A.L. Mendes, J. Marta-Simões, I.A. Trindade
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 33 / Issue S1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S518
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Early positive interactions have been positively associated with positive mental health outcomes. In contrast, the lack of these early affiliative experiences of warmth and safeness can have negative consequences on the individual's physical, emotional and social development.
The current study tests a mediation model that examines the mediator effect of external shame and cognitive fusion on the association between early affiliative memories with attachment figures and with peers, and psychological quality of life. These analyses were conducted using a sample of 453 participants from the community.
The final model explained 47% of psychological quality of life and presented excellent model fit indices. Results from path analysis showed that both early affiliative memories of warmth and safeness with peers and attachment figures present a significant impact on psychological quality of life through the indirect effect of external shame and cognitive fusion. In fact, although early affiliative memories with peers also presented a direct effect on psychological quality of life, the impact of early affiliative memories with attachment figures on this outcome was totally mediated through the mechanisms of external shame and cognitive fusion.
These findings seem to provide an important contribution to the field of early affiliative memories of warmth and safeness with attachment figures and with peers by uncovering the mediating role of external shame and cognitive fusion. Furthermore, these data highlighted the relevance of developing intervention programs in the community, especially in a context of early adverse experiences, for the promotion of mental health well-being.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Body appreciation: A buffer against the impact of shame on depression
- J. Marta-Simões, C. Ferreira, A.L. Mendes
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S533
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Shame is defined as a painful affect, associated with the perception that one's personal characteristics and/or behaviours are seen by others as unattractive. Since it signals the possibility of rejection, high levels of shame associate with high psychological suffering and several psychopathological conditions, namely depression. In contrast, body appreciation is considered a set of attitudes of acceptance and affection towards one's body image, even when one is displeased with certain body characteristics, being therefore a disposition to self-soothing and care. Taking into account the association of body appreciation with healthy mental functioning, this study aimed at exploring the buffering effect of body appreciation against shame's impact on the display of depression symptoms. This hypothesis was tested through path analysis in a community sample of adult men and women. Results revealed body appreciation as a significant moderator of the association between external shame and depressive symptomatology. The tested model explained 45% of the variance of depressive symptomatology. A graphical representation allowed understanding that this moderator effect is particularly expressive in those who experience medium to high levels of shame. In these cases, men and women who present higher body appreciation tend to display fewer depression symptoms. These results seem to emphasize the importance of establishing a positive relationship with one's own body image, which appears to be protective either for men's and women's mental health. Considering its buffering effect of shame's impact on depression, upcoming interventions in this area could benefit from the assessment and cultivation of positive body image.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The Paradoxical Effect of Two Different Emotion Regulation Processes in the Association Between Shame and Depression
- A.L. Mendes, C. Ferreira, J. Marta-Simões
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. s241
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Experiential avoidance, considered a main process of psychological inflexibility, has been defined as the unwillingness to be in contact with particular unwanted inner experiences and the effort to control or avoid its form, frequency and the context in which they occur. On the other hand, decentering, conceptualized as the ability to deal with feelings, thoughts and emotions as subjective and ephemeral events, which occur in the mind, is considered an important protective process against psychopathology. The present study aimed to explore the moderator effect of two different emotional regulation processes, decentering and experiential avoidance, on the association between external shame and depression. The sample comprised 421 participants (131 males and 290 females), aged between 18 and 34-year-old. Results from two independent path analysis revealed that decentering abilities and experiential avoidance showed a significant moderator effect on the association between external shame and symptoms of depression. In fact, these findings allow to verify that decentering abilities were negatively linked to symptoms of depression. Through a path analysis, the buffer effect of decentering was confirmed. On the contrary, performed tests demonstrated that experiential avoidance exacerbates shame's impact on the severity of depressive symptoms. Taken together, these findings emphasize the importance of targeting maladaptive emotion regulation processes (such as experiential avoidance), and developing adaptive strategies (e.g., decentering abilities), as strategies to diminish depressive symptomatology in prevention and intervention programs.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Defensive Responses to Early Memories with Peers: a Possible Pathway to Disordered Eating
- Cláudia Ferreira, Joana Marta-Simões, Inês A. Trindade
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- Journal:
- The Spanish Journal of Psychology / Volume 19 / 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 July 2016, E45
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Childhood and early adolescence experiences, specifically those that provide an adulthood enriched with warm and safe memories, are consistently stated in literature as powerful emotional regulators. In contrast, individuals who scarcely recall positive experiences may begin to believe that others see the self as inferior, inadequate and unattractive. In order to cope with a perceived loss of social desirability and achieve other’s acceptance, individuals may become submissive, and women, particularly, may resort to the presentation of a perfect body image. Both mechanisms are defensive responses suggested to be associated with mental health difficulties, particularly disordered eating behaviors. The present study aimed at exploring the association between early memories of warmth and safeness with peers and eating psychopathology. Also, a path analysis was conducted to investigate the mediator role of submissiveness and perfectionistic self-presentation focused on body image on this association, in a sample of 342 female students. Results revealed that the absence of early positive memories with peers holds a significant effect over eating psychopathology’s severity, and also that this effect is mediated through submissiveness and body image-related perfectionistic self-presentation. This model accounted for 13%, 19% and 51% of submissiveness, perfectionistic self-presentation of body image and eating psychopathology’s variances, respectively, and showed excellent model fit.
Understanding the Role of Self-Judgment in the Association between Body Dissatisfaction and Quality of Life on Normal-Weight and Overweight Portuguese Women
- Cláudia Ferreira, Patrícia Fortunato, Joana Marta-Simões, Inês A. Trindade
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- Journal:
- The Spanish Journal of Psychology / Volume 19 / 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 March 2016, E15
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Literature has demonstrated the negative impact of body image dissatisfaction on women’s quality of life. Nonetheless, it has been suggested that the relationship between body dissatisfaction and women’s well-being is not linear, and that the processes that mediate this association remain unclear. This study aims to clarify the mediator role of self-judgment in the association between negative body image and psychological quality of life, in two groups: normal-weight and overweight women. This cross-sectional study comprised 200 normal-weight and 92 overweight female college students, aged between 18 and 24 years old, that completed self-report instruments of body dissatisfaction, self-judgment, and quality of life. Results showed that women who presented harsher self-judgment about their perceived failures tended to present lower levels in all quality of life domains. Also, results from mediation analyses indicated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and psychological quality of life was significantly mediated by the mechanisms of self-judgment in the two BMI groups (95% CI [–2.41 to –0.04]; 95% CI [–6.35 to –.89]). This mediational model accounted for 28.3% and 40.7% of psychological quality of life in the normal-weight and overweight groups, respectively. These results suggest that a lower ability to deal with one’s failures or inadequacies (e.g., negative evaluation of body image) in a kind and accepting manner may significantly increase the negative impact of body dissatisfaction on one’s psychological quality of life. In this way, it seems that, the focus of interventions should go beyond body dissatisfaction and also target the development of adaptive attitudes (opposed to self-critical attitudes) to deal with negative body-related experiences.
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- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Structural Diversity of Aspergillus (Section Nigri) Spores
- Marta Filipa Simões, Cledir Santos, Nelson Lima
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 19 / Issue 5 / October 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2013, pp. 1151-1158
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- October 2013
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The taxonomy of fungal species, similar to that of many other microorganisms, suffers frequent revisions due to the discovery of new species and to the development and gathering of characterization data and morphological information. Morpho-taxonomy helps in the identification of many species. This work presents the macro, micro-morphological, and spectral mass analyses for phenotypic characterization of 13 species of Aspergillus section Nigri, showing that the characterization of spores (conidia) by scanning electron microscopy can be used as a tool to discriminate key morphological characteristics and separate closely related fungi. These results were corroborated by colony plates, stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, and spectral mass data.